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The duration of the post reinforcement pause was measured for three white rats on fixed ratio schedules of reinforcement ranging from 26 to 120. The post reinforcement pause consistently increased as the ratio requirement increased for all three subjects. The data failed to show one function (power, logarithmic, or linear) as significantly more useful than the other two in describing the relationship between systematically increased fixed ratios and the respective post reinforcement pause for each ratio. Furthermore, there was no consistent relationship between the response rate and the fixed ratio requirement.

"Kinds of Spaces: Poststructural Concepts and Metafictional Appropriations" emerges from studies in structural linguistics, contemporary critical theory, and metafiction and thus moves into the realms of poststructuralism and deconstruction while developing a theory of space in writing. Its central sections attempt to conceptually and physically broaden the scope of the investigation and progress from linguistic space, via inscribed space and ontological inter-space, to erotic space. Thus, "Marking a Place of Differ( )nce" concerns the poststructural redefinition of the Saussurean model with its gap between signifier and signified in the debate between Lacan and Derrida on the "Purloined Letter"; "'a spatial displacement of words"' discusses the disruption of syntax and the ensuing dissemination of letters across the page in concrete prose, particularly as they relate to narratological displacement in Raymond Federman's Double or Nothing; "From Ear to Eye" reenacts the analogy created between sound and sight in Steve Katz's The Exagggerations of Peter Prince, which attempts an erosion of ontological and spatial boundaries in the text; "The Body, the Book, and the Supplement of Supplements" addresses the physical space between reader and book, the uniting of their bodies, and is based on Rousseau's concept of the supplement, Foucault's notion of the gaze, and Baudrillard's discussion of seduction.These central sections are framed by: "The Blank in Writing," which develops a theory of blank space in writing mostly drawing on Derridean concepts and applying them to a reading of the Mobv Dick chapter "The Whiteness of the Whale," and "The Topography of Writing," which, while focussing on the relationship between space and time, discusses Raymond Federman's The Voice in the Closet, a typographical tour de force which incorporates blank space. At the end, a "Postscript" attempts to assess the blank's sign quality as it emerges as integral constituent to each concept discussed. / Department of English

The present study assessed the relationship between differing views of time perspective and satisfaction with life among college females. Time perspective was measured according to the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999) and life satisfaction was assessed along a temporal continuum with the Temporal Satisfaction with Life Scale (Pavot, Diener, & Suh, 1998). It was found that the positive time perspective of the past, present, and future were related to life satisfaction along the same temporal frames with the exception of the future subscale. The negatively oriented time perspective scales had a negative relationship with life satisfaction as was expected. Levels of balance between the past positive, present hedonistic, and future subscales were measured which created four categories of balanced or unbalanced, positive or negative perspectives. It was found that the greater the amount of positive scores among the three time perspective scales, the greater the total life satisfaction. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

A real-time system is a system such that the correctness of operations depends not only on the logical results, but also on the time at which these results are available. A fundamental problem in designing real-time systems is to analyze response time of operations, which is defined as the time elapsed from the moment when the operation is requested to the moment when the operation is completed. Response time analysis is challenging due to the complex dynamics among operations. A common technique is to study response time under worst-case scenario. However, using worst-case response time may lead to the conservative real-time system designs. To improve the real-time system design, we analyze the non-worst-case response time of operations and apply these results in the design process. The main contribution of this thesis includes mathematical modeling of real-time systems, calculation of non-worst-case response time, and improved real-time system design. We perform analysis and design on three common types of real-time systems as the real-time computing system, real-time communication network, and real-time energy management. For the real-time computing systems, our non-worst-response time analysis leads a necessary and sufficient online schedulability test and a measure of robustness of real-time systems. For the real-time communication network, our non-worst-response time analysis improves the performance for the model predictive control design based on the real-time communication network. For the real-time energy management, we use the non-worst-case response time to check whether the micro-grid can operate independently from the main grid.

Multi-directional polymer matrix composite materials are increasingly used in load-bearing structural applications ranging from primary aircraft structures and automotive parts to rehabilitation of bridges. Long-term durability, characterized by time-dependent degradation in strength (known as creep-rupture) and modulus (known as creep), is an important concern in these applications. Despite the experimental evidence on the influence of time-dependent damage on creep and creep rupture of multi-directional composites, current level of understanding of this is very limited. Hence, the focus of this thesis is to develop a clear understanding of the time dependent evolution of various damage modes and their influence on creep rupture of polymer matrix composite laminates.Three laminates [0/90/0], [±45/902]s, and [0/902]s were subjected to a wide range of constant stresses at various test temperatures and creep rupture time was recorded.The various damage modes that developed, with stress during tensile testing, and with time during constant stress creep rupture testing were transverse cracking, vertical cracking, delamination, vertical splitting and fiber fracture.The appearance of these damages were time dependent confirming that the FPF stress is time-dependent, while the conventional wisdom is to consider it to be time-independent in design. Beyond FPF, the damage continued to evolve for a certain period of time beyond which additional damage modes started to evolve influencing the evolution rate of one-another.The percentage of creep rupture time during which a single mode of damage was evolving decreased with increase in applied stress and test temperature.Based on these results it is concluded that creep rupture of multidirectional laminates is influenced by contributions from a complex interaction of various damage modes that evolve with time, suggesting that creep rupture predictions could be good approximations only.

This study was designed to determine whether or not there is anxiety change during periods of unstructured time in people who were identified and classified as inner-directed and other-directed individuals. The intent was also to examine the relationship between self-concept and anxiety change in the two classifications.The research was planned to examine three hypotheses. A t test was administered for significance of difference in anxiety change between the inner- and other-directed classifications, and correlation coefficients were established in order to examine the relationship between anxiety and self-concept in the two classifications. The data used in this study were collected from the test results on the modified scale from the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI), the scores from the pretests and posttests of the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (TMAS), and the scores from the Tennessee Self Concept Scale (TSCS).The TMAS was administered to 28 participants in an unstructured workshop on creativity on the first day and again on the afternoon of the fourth day when the workshop was completed. The TSCS and the modified scale from the POI were administered on the second day.The 28 subjects included 8 men and 20 women employed by the Louisville Board of Education. Administrators, teachers, social workers, and paraprofessionals volunteered for this experience. They ranged in age from 18 to 55.Subjects scoring in the upper two quartiles on the modified inner- and other-directed POI scale were classified as inner-directed; whereas those scoring in the lower two quartiles were classifed as other-directed. Two pilot studies were conducted with this modified scale previous to its use on this study. Hypothesis #1 was examined by comparing the means of the anxiety change scores which were taken from the TMAS pretests and posttests. A t test was administered for significance of difference between the two means of the TMAS pretest and posttests and was significant at the .05 level of confidence.Hypotheses #2 and #3 were examined by using a correlation co-efficient on the anxiety change scores and the Total P scores from the T SCS. The r's were examined, but the relationship between anxiety change and the self-concept scores of this population were not significant in either classification. The self-concept of the inner-directed, however, was significantly higher than the self-concept of the other-directed.The inner-directed subjects dropped significantly in anxiety scores after the unstructured time. Other-directed subjects did have an increase in anxiety scores, but it was not significant at the .05 level of confidence.