Cette thèse de maîtrise fait lumière sur les fondements socio-ontologiques de la pensée politique de Friedrich von Hardenberg (Novalis). Nous posons deux questions spécifiques : 1. Qui sont les agents de la réalité sociale dans les textes Amour et Foi et Europe ou la Chrétienté ? et 2. Suivant la réponse à la première question, Novalis défend-il un individualisme, un holisme horizontal ou un holisme vertical? Pour répondre, nous parcourons trois étapes : 1. Nous reconstruisons l’argumentation des deux textes politiques susmentionnés, 2. Nous interprétons l’ontologie générale de Novalis sur la base de la littérature secondaire et 3. Nous répondons à nos deux questions de recherche. En quelques mots, nous avons déterminé que les agents de la réalité sociale sont des individus connectés. Nous soutenons, dès lors, que la pensée politique de Novalis se base sur un holisme horizontal. This master’s thesis sheds light on the socio-ontological fundaments of Friedrich von Hardenberg’s political thought (Novalis’s). We ask two specific questions: 1. Who are the agents of social reality in the texts Love and Faith and Europe or Christianity? and 2. Following the answer to the previous question, does Novalis defend an individualism, a horizontal holism or a vertical holism? To answer, we follow three steps: 1. We reconstruct the argumentation of the two aforementioned texts, 2. We interpret Novalis’s general ontology on the basis of secondary literature, and 3. We answer our two research questions. In a few words, we were able to determine that the agents of social reality are connected individuals. We thus contend that Novalis’s political thought is based on a horizontal holism. Diese Masterarbeit wirft Licht auf die sozialontologischen Fundamente des Denkens Friedrich von Hardenbergs (Novalis). Wir stellen zwei spezifische Fragen: 1. Wer sind die Handelden der sozialen Wirklichkeit in den texten Glauben und Liebe und Christenheit oder Europa? und 2. Auf der vorherigen Frage aufbauend, verteidigt Novalis einen Individualismus, einen horizontalen Holismus oder einen vertikalen Holismus? Um zu antworten, folgen wir drei Schritten: 1. Wir rekonstruieren die Argumentation der obengenannten Texte, 2. Wir interpretieren die allgemeine Ontologie Novalis‘ aufgrund der Sekundärliteratur und 3. Wir beantworten unsere beiden Fragen. In wenigen Worten: wir haben festgestellt, dass die Handelden der sozialen Wirklichkeit miteinander verbundene Individuen sind. Deshalb behaupten wir, dass Novalis‘ politische Denken auf einem horizontalen Holismus aufbaut.

L’imagerie médicale et en particulier l’Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique (IRM) occupe une place de choix dans les décisions médicales. Malgré des techniques et des pratiques d’examens comparables les industriels du secteur utilisent un vocabulaire différent pour décrire les événements de l’expérience IRM. Les ontologies permettent de résoudre cette problématique. En les intégrant dans un système informatique nous avons choisi de proposer des solutions innovantes pour trois situations quotidiennes : l’annotation d’examen, la reconnaissance et la correction d’artéfact et l’aide à la prescription d’examen. Les connaissances du domaine IRM sont issues de la littérature et de la pratique quotidienne. DICOM, élément incontournable à l’échange de données en imagerie médicale, a été le point de départ de l’élaboration de l’ontologie. Les connaissances sur les artéfacts en IRM sont en partie issues d’une collaboration avec l’université de Texas A&M Temple. Pour l’aide à la prescription d’examen nous avons choisi une situation clinique représentative la demande d’IRM dans le cadre des traumatismes du genou. Les statistiques proviennent d’une étude réalisée dans le service de médecine du sport du CHU de Rennes. Les systèmes élaborés permettent aux utilisateurs d’utiliser les ontologies sans y être confronté et permettent l’analyse de l’entête DICOM d’une image, l’annotation de l’image, la comparaison d’une image IRM pour la correction d’artéfact et l’aide à la prescription d’IRM est sous la forme d’un serveur web permettant à l’utilisateur de connaître en fonction des signes cliniques présents, la probabilité d’avoir une lésion lors de la réalisation de l’IRM. Nous avons démontré la possibilité d’utilisation des ontologies pour améliorer l’exercice quotidien des praticiens. Les techniques utilisées montre la possibilité d’utiliser les ontologies en les associant aux images et aux probabilités. Le système choisi, interface permettra l’évolution vers une technologie de type webservice. / Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a key examination in medical decision making. Despite MRI technics are slightly similar, each industrial has developed his own vocabulary to describe the MRI experience. Ontologies have been developed to help in such situations. We have decided to create IT solutions using ontology for three daily radiological situations: exams annotation, MRI artifacts recognition and correction and exam appropriateness. The domain knowledge is extracted from literature and everyday practice. DICOM, as key element for data exchange in radiology, has been used to create the ontology.  Concerning MRI artifacts, a part of the knowledge comes from a collaborative work with the university of Texas A&M Temple. Concerning exam appropriateness, we have chosen a representative clinical situation: interest of knee MRI in case of knee trauma. The statistical data are coming from a clinical study done in the CHU of Rennes. Our systems allow users to take benefits of ontology without facing it. They give a DICOM header analysis, proposed an image annotation, compare image to correct MRI artifacts and help physicians to judge MRI appropriateness in case of knee trauma. We have demonstrated that ontologies could be used to improve daily practice in radiology and that ontologies could be associated to image and statistical data. Future of this work could be a system transformation into a web service.

This work focuses on contemporary theories, concepts and approaches of media effects. In brief, it presents the history of media effects studies, interdisciplinary background and a few basic models of communication. Ten of chosen concepts of media effects are described in detail, analyzed and compared to Martin Heidegger definition of a man (being/dasein) and to another philosopher, Daniel C. Dennet's scale of living beings. The goal is, to show definitions of a man included in the media effects theories and take them into the comparison and see the way a man is, and can be, described. The conclusion is, that the contemporary approaches reflect a man more simply. In the comparision to Heidegger's being, there could be more possibilities to develop more complex approach in the theories of media studies.

Montréal Trigonix inc. 2018

Montréal Trigonix inc. 2018

Les interactions sociales occupent une place de plus en plus importante dans les organisations qui doivent s'adapter à un environnement médiatisé et évolutif qui implique une agilité croissante. La plupart des modèles et des outils dont disposent aujourd'hui les organisations adressent les interactions sociales fondées sur la coordination des actions et son travail d'articulation, sans introduire la dimension sociale et en particulier la coopération qui repose sur des processus et des mécanismes sociaux insuffisamment abordés. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons un méta-modèle d'interactions sociales élaboré à partir de la formalisation d'une sociologie des interactions sociales de P. Livet et F. Nef, et la construction d'une extension aux processus et objets sociaux d'une Ontologie Appliquée des Processus et Evénements de G. Kassel / Social interactions are becoming increasingly important in organizations that have to adapt to a mediated and evolving environment that involves increasing agility. Most of the models and tools available to organizations today address social interactions based on the coordination of actions and its articulation work, without introducing the social dimension and cooperation based on social processes and mechanisms insufficiently addressed. In this thesis, we propose a meta-model of social interactions based on the formalization of a sociology of social interactions of P. Livet and F. Nef and the construction of an extension to social processes and objects an Applied Ontology of the Processes and Events of G. Kassel

The original and still a major purpose of ontologies in computer and information sciences is to serve for the semantic integration of represented content, facilitating information system interoperability. Content can be data, information, and knowledge, and it can be distributed within or across these categories. A myriad of languages is available for representation. Ontologies themselves are artifacts which are expressed in various languages. Different such languages are utilized today, including, as well-known representatives, predicate logic, subsuming first-order (predicate) logic (FOL), in particular, and higher-order (predicate) logic (HOL); the Web Ontology Language (OWL) on the basis of description logics (DL); and the Unified Modeling Language (UML). We focus primarily on languages with formally defined syntax and semantics. This overall picture immediately suggests questions of the following kinds: What is the relationship between an ontology and the language in which it is formalized? Especially, what is the impact of the formal semantics of the language on the formalized ontology? How well understood is the role of ontologies in semantic integration? Can the same ontology be represented in multiple languages and/or in distinct ways within one language? Is there an adequate understanding of whether two expressions are intensionally/conceptually equivalent and whether two ontologies furnish the same ontological commitments? One may assume that these questions are resolved. Indeed, the development and adoption of ontologies is widespread today. Ontologies are authored in a broad range of different languages, including offering equally named ontologies in distinct languages. Much research is devoted to techniques and technologies that orbit ontologies, for example, ontology matching, modularization, learning, and evolution, to name a few. Ontologies have found numerous beneficial applications, and hundreds of ontologies have been created, considering solely the context of biomedical research. For us, these observations increase the relevance of the stated questions and close relatives thereof, and raise the desire for solid theoretical underpinnings. In the literature of computer and information sciences, we have found only few approaches that tackle the foundations of ontologies and their representation to allow for answering such questions or that actually answer them. We elaborate an analysis of the subject as the first item of central contributions within this thesis. It mainly results in the identification of a vicious circularity in (i) the intended use of ontologies to mediate between formal representations and (ii) solely exploiting formal semantic notions in representing ontologies and defining ontology-based equivalence as a form of intensional/conceptual equivalence. On this basis and in order to overcome its identified limitations, we contribute a general model-theoretic semantic account, named \\\"ontological semantics\\\". This kind of semantics takes the approach of assigning arbitrary entities as referents of atomic symbols and to link syntactic constructions with corresponding ontological claims and commitments. In particular, ontological semantics targets the avoidance of encoding effects in its definition. Therefore we argue that this semantic account is well suited for interpreting formalized ontologies and for defining languages for the representation of ontologies. It is further proposed as a fundament for envisioned novel definitions of the intensional equivalence of expressions, in potential deviation from only being formally equivalent under set-theoretic semantics. The thesis is defended that a particular usage of a formalism and its respective vocabulary should be accompanied by establishing an ontological semantics that is tailored to that use of the formalism, in parallel to the formal semantics of the language, in order to capture the ontological content of the formal representation for adequate reuse in other formalisms. Accordingly, we advocate ontological semantics as a useful framework for justifying translations on an intensional basis. Despite all deviations of ontological semantics from its set-theoretic blueprint, close relationships between the two can be shown, which allow for using established FOL and DL reasoners while assuming ontological semantics.

Zugl.: Wuppertal, Bergische Universiẗat, Diss., 2007.

Habilitationsschrift--Kiel, 1973. / Includes bibliographical references and indexes.

Zugl.: Diss. Univ. Göteborg, 2008. / References: S. 283-290.