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umbis buscam a luz? Camponotus atriceps infectadas por Ophiocordyceps camponoti-atricipis morrem em locais mais iluminados na Amazônia Central BrasileiraAndriolli, Fernando Sarti 16 August 2017 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2017-08-16 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas - FAPEAM / Specialized parasites can modify the behavior hosts to increase chances of reproduction.
This behavior is considered an example of extension phenotype of the parasite. We
study the relationship of the fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-atricips, a specialized
parasite, with the carpenter ants Camponotus atriceps. Once infected by O. camponotiatricips, the ants dies in places with stable temperature and relative humidity. The
reproduction of the parasite is locally increased on these areas. However, light is
responsible for controlling the reproduction of several species of free-living fungi, and
may play an important role in the terminal phase of parasitic fungal infection. On this
work, we evaluate the effect of luminosity in selected sites of dead infected C. atriceps
ants. In 10 graveyards (sites near of foraging trails with many infected dead ants), the
luminosity was reduced 80% through shading screens in half of the plots area. We
identified dead infected C. atriceps using colored marking ribbons over 6 months of
fieldwork. The infected ants that died after establishment of the plots were monitored.
We measured the number of fruiting bodies, height above ground and the orientation of
infected ants in the field. The selected sites of infected C. atriceps shows strong
influence by experimental light reduction. The shaded areas received 53 ants (32, 7%)
in comparison to the adjacent control area, with 109 (67, 3%) ants. In addition, in the
shaded areas only 15 dead ants produced fruiting bodies. In the control areas, 41 dead
ants developed fruiting bodies. The infected C.atriceps also died at higher sites in the
shaded areas (140 cm) in relation to the control areas (110 cm). Our findings suggest
that light may have act in the place death of parasitized C.atriceps ants and therefore
play an important role on reproductive cycle of the fungus O. camponoti-atricips. / Parasitas especializados podem modificar o comportamento de seus hospedeiros para
aumentar as chances de se reproduzir. Esse comportamento é considerado um exemplo
do fenótipo estendido do parasita. Neste trabalho, nós estudamos a relação entre o fungo
Ophiocordyceps camponoti-atricips, um parasita especializado, e as formigas carpinteiras
Camponotus atriceps. Uma vez infectadas por O. camponoti-atricipis, as formigas
morrem em locais onde a temperatura e umidade são mais estáveis. Esses locais
aumentam o sucesso reprodutivo do parasita. Entretanto, a luz é responsável por controlar
a reprodução de diversas espécies de fungos de vida livre, e pode ter um papel importante
na fase terminal da infecção de fungos parasitas. Neste trabalho, nós avaliamos o efeito
da luminosidade na seleção dos locais de morte de C. atriceps infectadas. Em 10
cemitérios (locais próximos as trilhas de forrageio de C. atriceps onde são encontradas
muitas formigas mortas infectadas), a luminosidade foi reduzida através de telas de
sombreamento de 80% em metade da área das parcelas. Nós identificamos os cadáveres
de C. atriceps com fitas de marcação coloridas durante 6 meses de trabalho de campo. As
formigas infectadas que morreram após o estabelecimento das parcelas foram
monitoradas nesse período. O número de cadáveres que produziram corpos de
frutificação, a altura em relação ao nível do solo e a orientação das formigas parasitadas
foram mensurados. As áreas sombreadas receberam 53 formigas, representando 32,7 %
do total, em comparação à área controle adjacente, onde foram encontradas 109 formigas
mortas. Além disso, nas áreas sombreadas apenas 15 cadáveres produziram ascomas ou
corpos de frutificação. Já nas áreas controle 41 cadáveres desenvolveram os ascomas. As
C. atriceps infectadas também morreram em locais mais altos nas áreas sombreadas (140
cm) em relação às áreas controle (110 cm). Nossos resultados sugerem que a luz pode
atuar no local da morte das formigas C. atriceps parasitadas e por consequência
desempenhar um papel importante no ciclo reprodutivo do fungo O. camponoti-atricipis.
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Exploration of the Role of Florida "Zombie Ant" Fungus Enterotoxin in Carpenter Ant Behavioral ManipulationBurris, Devin 01 January 2022 (has links)
The fungus Ophiocordyceps camponoti-floridani (Ophcf) infects Camponotus floridanus carpenter ants and manipulates them to climb to a high tree branch, bite down on foliage and die. Post ant death, the fungus grows out of the ant and spreads spores for reproduction. I investigated the function of an Ophcf gene product highly activated during the behavioral manipulation of these “zombie ants”; an enterotoxin. I have created an expression vector and heterologously expressed this enterotoxin in Cordyceps bassiana (Cbass), a related fungus that does not normally manipulate behavior. This process includes gene amplification, Golden Gate vector cloning in E. coli, A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation to Cbass, and RT-qPCR to verify heterologous gene expression. This was followed by carpenter ant infections with transgenic Cbass (EntB), wildtype Cbass (infected control), and sham (non-infected control) infected ants. Subsequent behavioral observations using tracking system MARGO (Werkhoven et al., 2019) have detected changes in activity levels of ants infected with both transgenic and WT Cbass compared to sham infected ants. This supports previously qualitative descriptions of increased activity caused during infection with WT Cbass (Trinh, 2020). There is a slight but insignificantly higher activity response from EntB compared to WT infected ants over the course of the trial that may be indicative of Ophcf induced changes that are different from general sickness behavior. Additional replicates are necessary to discern if these findings are statistically robust. Future studies should administer this enterotoxin expressing Cbass to observe inter-social behaviors of Carpenter ants. If the enterotoxin is sufficient to elicit one of the side effects of typical Ophcf infection, this would justify further characterization of the proteins and their functions in altering C. floridanus behavior. This characterization could yield information applicable to other parasite-host relationships as well.
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Governance systems of yarshagumba collection and trade in the border region of India, Nepal and ChinaWallrapp, Corinna 20 May 2019 (has links)
No description available.
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