Although there has been a recent surge in research examining comorbidity between externalizing and internalizing disorders in childhood, relatively less work has examined relations between specific externalizing conditions (i.e., oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms) and their co-occurrence with specific internalizing conditions (i.e., depressive symptoms). Furthermore, little empirical work has evaluated potential underlying processes, such as emotion dysregulation, which may explain relations between co-occurring ODD and depressive symptoms. There is also a paucity of research examining developmental patterns of co-occurring ODD and depressive symptoms. In the present study, I used latent class and latent transition analyses to (a) identify groups of children based on ODD and depressive symptom levels, (b) determine whether emotion dysregulation predicted co-occurring ODD and depressive symptoms, and (c) examine developmental patterns of change and continuity in groups across middle childhood within a community-based sample. Children were characterized by three latent classes based on ODD and depressive symptom severity: a group with very low levels of ODD or depressive symptoms, an ODD-only group with low levels of symptoms, and a co-occurring ODD and depressive symptom group with moderate levels of ODD and low levels of depressive symptoms. Furthermore, emotion dysregulation predicted to the class with moderate levels of ODD and low levels of depressive symptoms, although prediction from emotion dysregulation to class membership depended on the methodology used to index emotion dysregulation. Results of the LTA analyses suggested that symptom severity was relatively stable across middle childhood, with little evidence of changes in developmental patterns of ODD and depressive symptoms. Overall, the results of this study provide an important foundation for more sophisticated empirical inquiry regarding co-occurring ODD and depressive symptoms in childhood and potential processes that may explain their onset and development. / Psychology

Externalizing disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder (CD), and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) have a high prevalence rate in both children of alcoholics and in those with prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). These disorders are also predictors of alcohol dependence (alcdep), heritable, and share an underlying genetic liability with alcdep. Furthermore, a mother who drinks while pregnant is likely to be alcohol dependent (AD), and vice-versa. This study incorporated these factors into one model, including as well as a measure of broad genetic risk for ADHD and alcdep to test for the contributions of these effects simultaneously. An independent sample was used to confirm the results for PAE and broad genetic risk. The hypothesis is that PAE will increase the risk to ADHD but not to CD or ODD.

Oppositional Culture Theory and Social Cognitive Career Theory propositions were explored via employment of social cognitive career theory mechanisms. The effects of observed same-race occupational role models and occupational stereotypes and their indirect effects on school engagement through occupational expectations and future aspirations were explored in elementary-aged Blacks. Occupational expectations and future aspirations of Black youth were not significantly affected by occupational prestige of jobs held by observed same-race occupational role models. However, it was found that future aspirations of Black youth significantly impacted their school engagement. Future aspirations and school engagement were not significantly affected directly or indirectly by occupational stereotypes. Other noteworthy findings were that educational expectations and future aspirations were negatively correlated with grade. Future studies should be done to further explore relevant contextual factors which can affect school engagement in elementary-aged Blacks, they should also explore declining educational expectations and aspirations with grade.

Title from PDF of title page. / Document formatted into pages; contains 124 pages. / Thesis (Ed.S.)--University of South Florida, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. / ABSTRACT: This research study compared perceptions of family functioning among preadolescent children with behavior difficulties and their primary caregivers. Participants consisted of 29 caregiver-child dyads as well as each child's classroom teacher. Eligibility for the study was based on the child's placement within a self-contained Emotionally Handicapped (EH) or Severely Emotionally Disturbed (SED) classroom in one of three elementary schools within two west coast Florida counties. Data collection included teacher rating scales pertaining to the severity of each child's behavior and the presence of Callus Unemotional (CU) traits in addition to caregiver and child interviews tapping perceptions of family functioning. Results indicated that caregivers consistently viewed their families as more adaptive and cohesive than did children with a disruptive behavior disorder. / ABSTRACT: These findings are consistent with previous research showing a similar pattern among older adolescents with a disruptive behavior disorder. No relationship was not found between the child's perception of family functioning and CU traits, although it was noted that there was considerable restriction of range on CU traits. Overall, the results of this study contributes to the existing literature by demonstrating that preadolescents, like their older counterparts, also view their families as less adaptive and cohesive than do their caregivers. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed. / System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Although anxiety disorders and conduct problems often co-occur in children and adolescents, literature describing the effects of such co-occurrence is mixed. There is evidence that symptoms of anxiety disorders may mitigate symptoms of conduct problems (buffering hypothesis) or may exacerbate symptoms of conduct problems (multiple problem hypothesis). A dual-pathway model has been proposed that suggests several possible etiological or risk processes that may differentiate these pathways (i.e., the buffering hypothesis or the multiple problem hypothesis) (Drabick, Ollendick, & Bubier, 2010). Executive functioning is one factor that has been identified that may differentially confer risk to the proposed pathways; however, little research has been done investigating its role. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the dual-pathway model by determining whether executive functioning abilities contribute to differentiating those youth for whom anxiety exacerbates conduct problems from those for whom anxiety mitigates conduct problems. Specifically, the study sought to examine if executive functioning moderated the effect of anxiety symptom severity on conduct problems. Latent variable structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the data of 221 youth aged 9 to 16 in a residential treatment center who completed a full neuropsychological evaluation. Results of the study failed to support the hypothesis that executive functioning moderates the effect of anxiety on conduct problems. Furthermore, a structural equation model without an interaction between executive functioning and anxiety was found to fit the data better than a model with an interaction between those variables. Overall, the study found that executive functioning abilities could not distinguish youth for whom anxiety exacerbates conduct problems from youth for whom anxiety mitigates conduct problems. Recommendations for future research in light of the limitations of the current study, as well as remaining gaps in the literature, are discussed. / text

Thesis (M.A. (Psychology))--Rhodes University, 2005. / "This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a Master of Arts degree in Clinical Psychology" -T.p.

Objetivos: O transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade (TDAH), o transtorno de conduta (TC) e o transtorno opositor desafiante (TOD) frequentemente ocorrem juntos na infância. No entanto, a existência e importância destes transtornos na vida adulta ainda é motivo de discussão. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a extensão do impacto da história de TOD e TC na saúde mental global de indivíduos com TDAH persistente. Visa também avaliar a relação desses achados com o modelo de desinibição comportamental, considerando os perfis de desenvolvimento neurológico, personalidade e comorbidades. Métodos: Os pacientes foram selecionados consecutivamente a partir de uma amostra de conveniência no ambulatório de pesquisa do TDAH em adultos do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (n=458). O grupo controle foi composto de voluntários doadores de sangue no Hemocentro do mesmo hospital (n=121). Os diagnósticos foram realizados com base nos critérios do DSM-IV, sendo os sujeitos avaliados para o TDAH e o TOD através do K-SADS-E; para o TC e o transtorno de personalidade anti-social através do MINI; e através do SCID para as demais comorbidades. A gravidade do TDAH foi avaliada utilizando o SNAP, e a personalidade avaliada com o TCI (Cloninger). Na análise foram comparados os pacientes com TDAH e os controles. No caso das variáveis com diferenças significativas, comparamos três grupos: TDAH sem história de TC ou de TOD (n=178); TDAH com história de TOD (sem TC) (n=184) e TDAH com história de TC (com ou sem TOD) (n=96). Resultados: Pacientes com TDAH apresentaram um perfil mais grave na comparação com os controles em diversas variáveis, incluindo todas as comorbidades. Internamente ao grupo com TDAH, uma história positiva de TC (e, em grau menor, de TOD) associou-se a maior gravidade e a um perfil mais externalizador. Conclusão: Uma história positiva de TOD e TC na infância ou adolescência associa-se a um impacto negativo na saúde mental de sujeitos com TDAH persistente, reforçando o valor preditivo destes transtornos para a saúde mental do adulto. Estes achados sugerem uma ligação entre déficits do desenvolvimento, características de personalidade, e desdobramentos de psicopatologias, que é consistente com o conceito de cascada de desinibição comportamental. / Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) are frequently co-occurring disorders in children and adolescents. However, their clinical status among adults is disputed. This study analyzes how the clinical presentation of persistent ADHD might be influenced by a childhood or adolescence history of CD and ODD, and how these findings fit in the behavioral disinhibition framework. Methods: Patients were ascertained in an ADHD outpatient clinic. Diagnoses were based on the DSM-IV criteria and all subjects were evaluated using the KSADS- E for ADHD and ODD, MINI for CD/ASPD, SCID-I for other comorbidities, SNAP-IV for ADHD severity and Cloninger’s Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) for personality. We compared patients with ADHD (n= 458) with controls (n=121). For those variables with significant differences, we compared three groups of patients: ADHD without history of CD or ODD (n=178); ADHD + history of ODD (without CD) (n=184) and ADHD + history of CD (with or without ODD) (n=96). Results: Patients with ADHD presented a worse profile than controls in several variables, including a higher frequency of all comorbidities. Within the ADHD group, a history of CD (and to a lower extent ODD) is associated with a more severe and externalizing profile. Conclusion: A history of CD and ODD entail a significant negative mental health impact on persistent ADHD, reinforcing the predictive validity of these entities in adulthood mental health. These findings suggest a link among neurodevelopmental deficits, personality characteristics, and unfolding of psychopathology consistent with the behavioral disinhibition cascade.

Objetivos: O transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade (TDAH), o transtorno de conduta (TC) e o transtorno opositor desafiante (TOD) frequentemente ocorrem juntos na infância. No entanto, a existência e importância destes transtornos na vida adulta ainda é motivo de discussão. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a extensão do impacto da história de TOD e TC na saúde mental global de indivíduos com TDAH persistente. Visa também avaliar a relação desses achados com o modelo de desinibição comportamental, considerando os perfis de desenvolvimento neurológico, personalidade e comorbidades. Métodos: Os pacientes foram selecionados consecutivamente a partir de uma amostra de conveniência no ambulatório de pesquisa do TDAH em adultos do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (n=458). O grupo controle foi composto de voluntários doadores de sangue no Hemocentro do mesmo hospital (n=121). Os diagnósticos foram realizados com base nos critérios do DSM-IV, sendo os sujeitos avaliados para o TDAH e o TOD através do K-SADS-E; para o TC e o transtorno de personalidade anti-social através do MINI; e através do SCID para as demais comorbidades. A gravidade do TDAH foi avaliada utilizando o SNAP, e a personalidade avaliada com o TCI (Cloninger). Na análise foram comparados os pacientes com TDAH e os controles. No caso das variáveis com diferenças significativas, comparamos três grupos: TDAH sem história de TC ou de TOD (n=178); TDAH com história de TOD (sem TC) (n=184) e TDAH com história de TC (com ou sem TOD) (n=96). Resultados: Pacientes com TDAH apresentaram um perfil mais grave na comparação com os controles em diversas variáveis, incluindo todas as comorbidades. Internamente ao grupo com TDAH, uma história positiva de TC (e, em grau menor, de TOD) associou-se a maior gravidade e a um perfil mais externalizador. Conclusão: Uma história positiva de TOD e TC na infância ou adolescência associa-se a um impacto negativo na saúde mental de sujeitos com TDAH persistente, reforçando o valor preditivo destes transtornos para a saúde mental do adulto. Estes achados sugerem uma ligação entre déficits do desenvolvimento, características de personalidade, e desdobramentos de psicopatologias, que é consistente com o conceito de cascada de desinibição comportamental. / Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) are frequently co-occurring disorders in children and adolescents. However, their clinical status among adults is disputed. This study analyzes how the clinical presentation of persistent ADHD might be influenced by a childhood or adolescence history of CD and ODD, and how these findings fit in the behavioral disinhibition framework. Methods: Patients were ascertained in an ADHD outpatient clinic. Diagnoses were based on the DSM-IV criteria and all subjects were evaluated using the KSADS- E for ADHD and ODD, MINI for CD/ASPD, SCID-I for other comorbidities, SNAP-IV for ADHD severity and Cloninger’s Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) for personality. We compared patients with ADHD (n= 458) with controls (n=121). For those variables with significant differences, we compared three groups of patients: ADHD without history of CD or ODD (n=178); ADHD + history of ODD (without CD) (n=184) and ADHD + history of CD (with or without ODD) (n=96). Results: Patients with ADHD presented a worse profile than controls in several variables, including a higher frequency of all comorbidities. Within the ADHD group, a history of CD (and to a lower extent ODD) is associated with a more severe and externalizing profile. Conclusion: A history of CD and ODD entail a significant negative mental health impact on persistent ADHD, reinforcing the predictive validity of these entities in adulthood mental health. These findings suggest a link among neurodevelopmental deficits, personality characteristics, and unfolding of psychopathology consistent with the behavioral disinhibition cascade.

Objetivos: O transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade (TDAH), o transtorno de conduta (TC) e o transtorno opositor desafiante (TOD) frequentemente ocorrem juntos na infância. No entanto, a existência e importância destes transtornos na vida adulta ainda é motivo de discussão. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a extensão do impacto da história de TOD e TC na saúde mental global de indivíduos com TDAH persistente. Visa também avaliar a relação desses achados com o modelo de desinibição comportamental, considerando os perfis de desenvolvimento neurológico, personalidade e comorbidades. Métodos: Os pacientes foram selecionados consecutivamente a partir de uma amostra de conveniência no ambulatório de pesquisa do TDAH em adultos do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (n=458). O grupo controle foi composto de voluntários doadores de sangue no Hemocentro do mesmo hospital (n=121). Os diagnósticos foram realizados com base nos critérios do DSM-IV, sendo os sujeitos avaliados para o TDAH e o TOD através do K-SADS-E; para o TC e o transtorno de personalidade anti-social através do MINI; e através do SCID para as demais comorbidades. A gravidade do TDAH foi avaliada utilizando o SNAP, e a personalidade avaliada com o TCI (Cloninger). Na análise foram comparados os pacientes com TDAH e os controles. No caso das variáveis com diferenças significativas, comparamos três grupos: TDAH sem história de TC ou de TOD (n=178); TDAH com história de TOD (sem TC) (n=184) e TDAH com história de TC (com ou sem TOD) (n=96). Resultados: Pacientes com TDAH apresentaram um perfil mais grave na comparação com os controles em diversas variáveis, incluindo todas as comorbidades. Internamente ao grupo com TDAH, uma história positiva de TC (e, em grau menor, de TOD) associou-se a maior gravidade e a um perfil mais externalizador. Conclusão: Uma história positiva de TOD e TC na infância ou adolescência associa-se a um impacto negativo na saúde mental de sujeitos com TDAH persistente, reforçando o valor preditivo destes transtornos para a saúde mental do adulto. Estes achados sugerem uma ligação entre déficits do desenvolvimento, características de personalidade, e desdobramentos de psicopatologias, que é consistente com o conceito de cascada de desinibição comportamental. / Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) are frequently co-occurring disorders in children and adolescents. However, their clinical status among adults is disputed. This study analyzes how the clinical presentation of persistent ADHD might be influenced by a childhood or adolescence history of CD and ODD, and how these findings fit in the behavioral disinhibition framework. Methods: Patients were ascertained in an ADHD outpatient clinic. Diagnoses were based on the DSM-IV criteria and all subjects were evaluated using the KSADS- E for ADHD and ODD, MINI for CD/ASPD, SCID-I for other comorbidities, SNAP-IV for ADHD severity and Cloninger’s Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) for personality. We compared patients with ADHD (n= 458) with controls (n=121). For those variables with significant differences, we compared three groups of patients: ADHD without history of CD or ODD (n=178); ADHD + history of ODD (without CD) (n=184) and ADHD + history of CD (with or without ODD) (n=96). Results: Patients with ADHD presented a worse profile than controls in several variables, including a higher frequency of all comorbidities. Within the ADHD group, a history of CD (and to a lower extent ODD) is associated with a more severe and externalizing profile. Conclusion: A history of CD and ODD entail a significant negative mental health impact on persistent ADHD, reinforcing the predictive validity of these entities in adulthood mental health. These findings suggest a link among neurodevelopmental deficits, personality characteristics, and unfolding of psychopathology consistent with the behavioral disinhibition cascade.

Cette recherche a pour objectif d'explorer le concept de fidélité oppositionnelle de l'individu ainsi que son potentiel d'enrichissement du concept de fidélité à la marque tel que traditionnellement abordé. La fidélité à la marque, définie jusqu'ici par un comportement d'achat répétitif accompagné d'une attitude positive envers la marque choisie, acquiert ainsi une nouvelle composante issue de la littérature sur l'anti-consommation et la résistance qui constituent, aux côtés de l'identité sociale et de la recherche d'équilibre, le cadre théorique sur lequel est fondé ce travail. S'appuyant sur le terrain des smartphones, la méthodologie de recherche est articulée autour de trois sources de données principales : des commentaires d'internautes en ligne, des entretiens et des récits de vie. Ces données ont été traitées grâce à une analyse de contenu thématique classique. Les principaux résultats mettent en avant l'existence d'une fidélité oppositionnelle de l'individu qui s'appuie sur une attitude et un comportement positifs à l'égard de la marque choisie et négatifs à l'égard de la marque évitée. Qu'elle se présente sous sa forme attitudinale et/ou comportementale, la fidélité oppositionnelle évolue dans le temps aboutissant ainsi à différents profils de fidèles oppositionnels. Enfin, ce phénomène émerge comme une réaction/résistance au comportement de la marque, une volonté de distanciation par rapport à une image de consommateur-type ou un évitement suite à une expérience négative avec une marque donnée. Ces résultats permettent aux managers de définir des stratégies de défense du capital–marque de leur portefeuille de marques et de résister ainsi aux attaques des concurrents sur des marchés devenus de plus en plus concurrentiels. / This research aims to explore the concept of oppositional loyalty of the individual and its potential to enrich the concept of brand loyalty as traditionally addressed. Brand loyalty, so far defined as a repetitive buying behavior together with a positive attitude toward the chosen brand, acquires a new component borrowed from the literature on anti-consumption and resistance that constitute, together with social identity and balance quest, the theoretical framework on which this research is based. Based on the smartphones field, the research methodology is structured around three main data sources: online internauts' comments, interviews and life stories. These data were processed through a classical thematic analysis of content. The main results highlight the existence of an oppositional loyalty of the individual that is based on positive attitudes and behavior towards the chosen brand and negative ones towards the avoided brand. Whether it is manifested under attitudinal and / or behavioral form, oppositional loyalty evolves over time, resulting in different profiles of oppositionists loyal. Finally, this phenomenon emerges as: a response / resistance to brand behavior, a desire to distance oneself from the image of consumer-type or an avoidance following a negative experience with a particular brand. These results allow managers to define strategies for defending the brand equity of their brand portfolio and thus resist the attacks of competitors on markets that are becoming increasingly competitive.