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DYNAMIC PULSED BEAM STEERING USING VIRTUALLY IMAGED PHASED ARRAYJie Wang (16642920) 26 July 2023 (has links)
<p>Optical beam steering is of significant importance for various emerging applications such as light detection and ranging (LiDAR), free space optical communication, and holographic display. However, the development of schemes for dynamic spatio-temporal beam steering has been limited in the past. A previous study achieved dynamic and continuous angular beam steering of isolated ultrashort pulses from a mode-locked laser by using a passive metasurface emulating a diffraction grating followed by a lens. In this thesis, we experimentally demonstrate dynamic spatio-temporal steering of high repetition rate pulse trains using a spatial array of frequency combs with a uniform gradient in their carrier-envelope offsets. To accomplish this, we leverage the capabilities of a virtually imaged phased array (VIPA), which is a side-entrance Fabry-Perot etalon, and employ successive spatial Fourier transforms facilitated by a 4f optical lens system. Our experimental results successfully demonstrate the periodic scanning of ultrashort pulse trains generated from an electro-optic comb at a repetition rate of ~10 GHz. The scanning occurs in discrete steps of ~115 μm and ~20 ps in the spatial and temporal domains, respectively.</p>
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Stable Optical Frequency Comb Generation And Applications In Arbitrary Waveform Generation, Signal Processing And Optical Data MOzharar, Sarper 01 January 2008 (has links)
This thesis focuses on the generation and applications of stable optical frequency combs. Optical frequency combs are defined as equally spaced optical frequencies with a fixed phase relation among themselves. The conventional source of optical frequency combs is the optical spectrum of the modelocked lasers. In this work, we investigated alternative methods for optical comb generation, such as dual sine wave phase modulation, which is more practical and cost effective compared to modelocked lasers stabilized to a reference. Incorporating these comblines, we have generated tunable RF tones using the serrodyne technique. The tuning range was ±1 MHz, limited by the electronic waveform generator, and the RF carrier frequency is limited by the bandwidth of the photodetector. Similarly, using parabolic phase modulation together with time division multiplexing, RF chirp extension has been realized. Another application of the optical frequency combs studied in this thesis is real time data mining in a bit stream. A novel optoelectronic logic gate has been developed for this application and used to detect an 8 bit long target pattern. Also another approach based on orthogonal Hadamard codes have been proposed and explained in detail. Also novel intracavity modulation schemes have been investigated and applied for various applications such as a) improving rational harmonic modelocking for repetition rate multiplication and pulse to pulse amplitude equalization, b) frequency skewed pulse generation for ranging and c) intracavity active phase modulation in amplitude modulated modelocked lasers for supermode noise spur suppression and integrated jitter reduction. The thesis concludes with comments on the future work and next steps to improve some of the results presented in this work.
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Modeling of optical microresonator frequency combsEkström, Michael January 2022 (has links)
An optical frequency comb is a structure of equidistant, coherent spectral components which can be thought of as a large array of individual phase-locked laser sources. Their utilization in precision spectroscopy garnering part of the 2005 Nobel prize, optical frequency combs constitute a relatively novel technology with a large number of potential and actual applications. The research interest grew further with the 2007 discovery of comb structures in microresonators enclosing a nonlinear Kerr medium pumped by an external continuous wave laser, offering both substantially wider combs and the prospect of chip-scale integration. In this thesis work, the modeling of frequency comb spectra generated through optical Kerr cavities is considered using both an Ikeda map and the mean-field Lugiato-Lefever equation to describe the intracavity field evolution. Derivations of these mathematical models are first reviewed alongside relevant physics. They are then treated analytically to constrain model parameters to regions of interest in the context of Kerr-comb dynamics. Finally, numerical parameter sweeps are conducted in both models with respect to the pump power and frequency detuning, where the Ikeda map is additionally examined in the high-energy regime not faithfully described by the Lugiato-Lefever equation. The produced phase diagrams reveal a complex landscape of dynamics including Turing patterns, temporal cavity solitons, breathers and chaos. Ikeda map parameters in the high-energy regime capable of supporting previously reported super energetic cavity solitons are also investigated. Lastly, the numerical simulation package developed for parameter sweeps is presented.
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Raman optical frequency comb generation in hydrogen-filled hollow-core fiberWu, Chunbai, 1980- 12 1900 (has links)
xiv, 138 p. : ill. (some col.) / In this dissertation, we demonstrate the generation of optical Raman frequency combs by a single laser pump pulse traveling in hydrogen-filled hollow-core optical fibers. This comb generation process is a cascaded stimulated Raman scattering effect, where higher-order sidebands are produced by lower orders scattered from hydrogen molecules. We observe more than 4 vibrational and 20 rotational Raman sidebands in the comb. They span more than three octaves in optical wavelength, largely thanks to the broadband transmission property of the fiber.
We found that there are phase correlations between the generated Raman comb sidebands (spectral lines), although their phases are fluctuating from one pump pulse to another due to the inherit spontaneous initiation of Raman scattering. In the experiment, we generated two Raman combs independently from two fibers and simultaneously observed the single-shot interferences between Stokes and anti-Stokes components from the two fibers. The experimental results clearly showed the strong phase anti-correlation between first-order side bands. We also developed a quantum theory to describe this Raman comb generation process, and it predicts and explains the phase correlations we observe.
The phase correlation that we found in optical Raman combs may allow us to synthesize single-cycle optical pulse trains, creating attosecond pulses. However, the vacuum fluctuation in stimulated Raman scattering will result in the fluctuation of carrier envelope phase of the pulse trains. We propose that we can stabilize the comb by simultaneously injecting an auxiliary optical beam, mutually coherent with the main Raman pump laser pulse, which is resonant with the third anti-Stokes field. / Committee in Charge: Dr. Steven van Enk, Chair;
Dr. Michael G. Raymer;
Dr. Daniel A. Steck;
Dr. David M. Strom;
Dr. Andrew H. Marcus
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Génération photonique de signaux micro-ondes très bas bruit de phase par peignes de fréquences optiques / Optical frequency comb based ultralow phase noise photonic microwave generationBouchand, Romain 21 November 2017 (has links)
Les meilleurs oscillateurs dans le domaine micro-onde sont souvent des systèmes encombrants ou requérant une maintenance fastidieuse ce qui freine leur utilisation pour des applications mobiles ou dans des environnements aux conditions difficiles. L'avènement des peignes de fréquences optiques, récompensés par un prix Nobel en 2005, a ouvert de nouvelles perspectives en permettant un transfert des qualités inégalées des sources optiques vers le domaine micro-onde. Dans la technique utilisée au LNE-SYRTE, la division de fréquence optique, un signal micro-onde peut être extrait d'un laser ultra-stable dans l'infrarouge proche par photodétection, ce qui s'accompagne d'une réduction du bruit égale au carré du rapport des fréquences initiale et finale, soit plus de 8 ordres de grandeurs. Ce bénéfice est cependant réduit par différents processus collatéraux qui augmentent le niveau de bruit final. Le travail décrit dans cette thèse est la génération et la caractérisation du signal micro-onde le plus pur généré jusqu'à présent. Les différents processus introduisant un excès de bruit lors de la conversion opto-éléctronique sont étudiés et en partie surmontés. En particulier la conversion du bruit d'amplitude du laser femtoseconde vers la porteuse micro-onde est analysée en détail et son effet grandement réduit. Les résultats obtenus laissent penser que les techniques optiques de génération de micro-ondes vont bouleverser l'état de l'art. Les niveaux de pureté atteints et les techniques développées peuvent bénéficier un vaste éventail de domaines comme les radars mobiles, la métrologie temps-fréquence ou les prochaines générations de télécommunications à ultra-haut débit. / State-of-the-art microwave oscillators are typically bulky systems requiring tedious maintenance which is hindering their use in mobile applications or in demanding environments. The invention of the optical frequency combs, which was awarded a Nobel prize in 2005, was a game-changer as it enabled a high-fidelity transfer of the unrivalled properties of optical oscillators to the microwave domain. In the technique used at SYRTE, the optical frequency division, a microwave signal can be extracted from a near-infrared ultra-stable laser using photodetection. The transfer is accompanied by a reduction of phase noise equal to the microwave-to-optical frequency ratio squared, i.e. more than eight order of magnitudes. This benefit is however reduced by several processes producing excess noise during the transfer. The work described in this thesis is the generation of the lowest phase noise microwave signal ever reported. The different processes inducing excess noise are analyzed and, in part, overcome. Specifically, the conversion of the femtosecond laser intensity noise to the microwave phase noise is studied thoroughly and its effect significantly reduced. The results augur that the optical approaches in microwave generation are on the verge to disrupt the state-of-the-art. The noise levels demonstrated and the techniques developed can benefit a large range of applications such as mobile radars, time and frequency metrology or the next generation of ultrafast telecommunication networks.
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Nonlinear dynamics of Kerr optical frequency combs / Dynamique non-linéaire des peignes de fréquences optiques de Kerr Nonlinear dynamics of Kerr optical frequency combsBalakireva, Irina 09 December 2015 (has links)
La présente thèse est consacrée à l’étude des peignes optiques de Kerr dans les résonateurs àmodes de galerie, au sein desquels la lumière peut être excitée par pompage externe. L’effet Kerrexistant dans ces résonateurs engendre des modes latéraux équidistants (dans le domaine spectral)de part et d’autre du mode excité, c’est à dire un peigne de fréquence. Cette thèse est diviséeen trois chapitres. Le premier est dédié à l’introduction de la génération de ces peignes et leurapplications. Le deuxième chapitre présente l’analyse de l’équation de Lugiato-Lefever, décrivantde manière analytique le système, et conduit à la construction de deux diagrammes de bifurcationpour les dispersions normale et anomale. Ils sont tracés en fonction des deux seuls paramètresexpérimentalement contrôlables une fois le résonateur fabriqué : la puissance du laser et sondécalage de fréquence. Ces diagrammes indiquent les plages de paramètres pour lesquels une,deux, ou trois solutions existent ainsi que leur stabilité. Les simulations numériques renseignentle type exact de solution associée à chaque aire (notamment les solitons brillants et sombres, lesbreathers, les peignes optiques de Kerr de premier et deuxième ordre, et un régime chaotique) ; cesdiagrammes indiquent donc les paramètres du laser à choisir afin de générer la solution souhaitée.Le troisième chapitre est dédié aux peignes de Kerr optique secondaires, lignes additionnelles dansle domaine spectral générées entre les lignes du peigne principal. Ils apparaissent en dispersionanormale, lorsque la quantité de photon pompe excède un seuil dit de second ordre, qui a étédéterminé numériquement. / This thesis is dedicated to the study of the Kerr optical frequency combs in whispering gallery moderesonators, where the light can be excited by the extern pump. Due to the Kerr effect existing in theseresonators, the quasi-equidistant lines in the spectral domain are generated around the excited mode,that is the frequency comb. This thesis is devided in three chapters. The first one is dedicated to theintroduction of the Kerr comb generation and their applications.The second one presents the analysisof the Lugiato-Lefever equation used for the analytical study of the system, leading to the constructionof two bifurcation diagrams for the normal and anomalous dispersions. They are plotted for twoparameters, which can be controlled during experiments once the resonator has been fabricated,which are the pump power of the laser and its frequency detuning. These diagrams show the areas ofthe parameters for which one, two, or three solutions exist and their stability. The additional numericalsimulations show the exact type of the solution in each area (such as the bright and dark solitons,the breathers, the primary and secondary Kerr combs and chaotical regimes), finally these diagramsshow the parameters of the laser needed to be choosen for the generation of the desired solution.The third chapter is dedicated to the secondary Kerr combs, which are the additional lines generatedbetween the lines of the primary comb. They appear in the anomalous dispersion regime, when thequantity of the pump photons crosses the second-order threshold, which has been found numerically.
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QUANTUM AND CLASSICAL OPTICAL FREQUENCY COMBS FOR METROLOGY AND NETWORKING APPLICATIONSSuparna Seshadri (19163878) 26 July 2024 (has links)
<p><br></p><p dir="ltr">Over the past decade, optical frequency combs have spurred significant advancements in both classical ultrafast optics and quantum optics. My research contributes to these two fields, catering to applications in precision metrology and optical networking. In the domain of quantum optics, the study delves into biphoton frequency combs with time-energy entanglement, employing novel electro-optic modulation schemes to enhance sensitivity and enable precise measurements of temporal correlations. Additionally, Bell states, a crucial class of entangled quantum bases, are generated in the frequency domain, showcasing their utility in delay metrology and quantum cryptographic protocols. </p><p dir="ltr">In the realm of classical optical frequency combs, this work explores dynamic steering of pulsed optical beams, holding promise for applications in imaging and remote sensing. The concept of time-efficient dynamic beam steering using a spatial array of optical frequency combs is elucidated and experimentally demonstrated through the utilization of a high-resolution spectral disperser, specifically a virtually imaged phased array (VIPA). Furthermore, integrated photonic designs featuring wavelength-selective switches and spectral dispersers are proposed to enable a versatile on-chip implementation of the beam steering approach. In sum, this research leverages the capabilities of classical and quantum optical frequency combs, with implications for emerging applications such as distributed sensing, quantum networking, and light detection and ranging (LIDAR).</p>
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Contribution à l'étude de techniques pour l'affinement spectral de lasers : application aux diodes à blocage de modes destinées aux télécommunications optiques cohérentes / Contribution to the study of techniques for laser spectral narrowing : Application to mode-locked laser diodes used in optical telecommunicationsSahni, Mohamed Omar 01 June 2018 (has links)
Les peignes de fréquences optiques, issus de diodes à blocage de modes, font partie des candidats potentiels pour les réseaux de transmission à multiplexage en longueurs d’onde (WDM). Cependant, les modes composant leur peigne, exhibent généralement des largeurs de raie optiques relativement élevées ( 1-100 MHz), rendant ainsi incompatible leur utilisation sur un réseau WDM employant des formats de modulation avancés d’ordre supérieur. Cette thèse étudie, une solution pour palier à cette limitation. La technique utilisée, dite d’asservissement à correction aval hétérodyne, effectue un traitement du flux lumineux en sortie du laser sans agir sur ce dernier, permettant de réduire le bruit de fréquence présent sur chacune des raies et par conséquent leur largeur de raie optique. Dans une première approche, la technique est appliquée à un laser mono-fréquence. Cela a permis d’une part de valider son fonctionnement et d’autre part d’identifier les limites intrinsèques du dispositif expérimental mis en place. Ainsi, nous démontrons que le niveau de bruit de fréquence minimum permis par notre système, correspond à un spectre optique de largeur de raie optique instantanée de 50 Hz et une largeur de raie de 1,6 kHz pour un temps d’observation de 10 ms. La technique est par la suite appliquée à une diode à blocage de modes actif. Le peigne de fréquences optiques ainsi généré, est composé de 21 modes, ayant tous une largeur de raie optique intrinsèque inférieure à 7 kHz, dont 9 modes sont sub-kHz. Pour un temps d’observation du spectre optique de 10 ms, ces modes exhibent tous une largeur de raie d’environ 37 kHz. Nous démontrons ainsi l’impact de la gigue d’impulsions sur les performances de la technique et nous soulignons l’intérêt d’une telle cohérence, pour le domaine des télécommunications optiques cohérentes (transmissions WDM cohérentes de type m-QAM avec des constellations d’ordre élevé, compatibles avec des débits multi-Tbit/s par raie). En dernier lieu, nous abordons une seconde technique consistant à pré-stabiliser la fréquence d’un laser par asservissement en boucle fermée. Elle repose sur l’utilisation d’un interféromètre à fibre déséquilibré comme référence pour réduire le bruit de fréquence d’un laser, situé particulièrement en basses fréquences. Appliquée à un laser mono-fréquence, elle a permis de réduire son bruit de fréquence technique conduisant ainsi à une nette amélioration de sa largeur de raie intégrée sur 3 ms, de 224 kHz à 37 kHz. Ce premier résultat représente un bon support vers l’exploration du potentiel des diodes à blocage de modes pour des applications métrologiques. / Optical frequency combs obtained from mode-locked laser diodes are potential candidates for WDM networks. However, their lines exhibit usually a broad optical linewidth ( 1-100 MHz). Thus their use is incompatible for high order modulation formats WDM based systems. This thesis investigates one solution to overcome this limitation. It consists of using a feed-forward heterodyne technique to reduce the frequency noise of each comb-line and consequently their optical linewidths. In a first approach, the technique is applied to a single-mode laser. This allowed us to validate its proper working and to identify the intrinsic limits of the experimental device set up. The latter analysis enabled us to reveal that the minimum achievable frequency noise level by our system, corresponds to a 50 Hz intrinsic optical linewidth spectrum and a 1,6 kHz optical linewidth based on 10 ms observation time. This technique is then applied to an actively mode-locked laser diode demonstrating, at our system output, a 21-line optical frequency comb with intrinsic optical linewidths reduced to below 7 kHz. It is worth noting that 9 among them, exhibit sub-kHz linewidths. For an observation time of 10 ms, all lines share the same optical linewidth, almost equal to 37 kHz. We thus show that the timing jitter impacts the technique performances. We also highlight the relevance of such coherence level for coherent optical communication. Lastly, we study a laser frequency pre-stabilization technique based on a locking to an unbalanced fiber interferometer. When applied to a single-mode laser, the technique showed a reduction of its technical frequency noise, thus leading to a clear improvement of its integrated optical linewidth from 224 kHz to 37 kHz for 3 ms observation time. This first result provides a good support towards the exploration of mode-locked laser diodes potential for metrological applications.
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Quantum dot based mode locked lasers for optical frequency combs / Lasers à blocage de modes à base de boîtes et bâtonnets quantiques pour les peignes de fréquences optiquesCalo, Cosimo 18 December 2014 (has links)
Les peignes de longueurs d'onde, produisant des dizaines de porteuses optiques régulièrement espacées à partir d'une seule source laser, présentent un grand intérêt pour les systèmes de communication à haut débit. Ce travail de thèse porte sur les peignes générés par les diodes laser à blocage de modes basées sur des nanostructures semi-conductrices à basse dimensionnalité. Dans cette étude, les performances en verrouillage de modes de lasers Fabry-Pérot mono-section basés sur différents systèmes de matériaux sont comparées sur la base de la largeur du spectre optique d'émission et de la capacité à produire des impulsions courtes à faible gigue temporelle. En remarquant que les lasers à base de bâtonnets quantiques InAs sur InP présentent de meilleures caractéristiques par rapport aux autres matériaux examinés, leurs propriétés spécifiques en termes de stabilité des peignes de fréquences optiques et de chirp des impulsions sont étudiées plus en détail. Le chirp est d'abord étudié par la technique FROG (frequency-resolved optical gating). Ensuite, la dispersion chromatique du matériau laser est évaluée afin de vérifier si elle peut expliquer les grandes valeurs de chirp mesurées par FROG. Pour cela la technique de réflectométrie optique dans le domaine fréquentiel est utilisée et ses capacités uniques de mesure ont été étudiées et validées. Enfin, ces lasers sont employés avec succès pour les transmissions haut débit à l'aide de la technique de modulation optique OFDM (orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing) en détection directe. Débits de l'ordre du térabit par seconde, ainsi que le faible coût de l’architecture du système, sont très prometteurs pour les data centers / Optical frequency combs, generating tens of equally spaced optical carriers from a single laser source, are very attractive for next-generation wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) communication systems. This PhD thesis presents a study on the optical frequency combs generated by mode-locked laser diodes based on low-dimensional semiconductor nanostructures. In this work, the mode-locking performances of single-section Fabry-Pérot lasers based on different material systems are compared on the basis of the optical spectrum width, the timing jitter and pulse generation capabilities. Then, noticing that InAs quantum dashes grown on InP exhibit on average better characteristics than other examined materials, their unique properties in terms of comb stability and pulse chirp are studied in more detail. Laser chirp, in particular, is first investigated by frequency resolved optical gating (FROG) characterizations. Then, chromatic dispersion of the laser material is assessed in order to verify whether it can account for the large chirp values measured by FROG. For that, a high sensitivity optical frequency-domain reflectometry setup is used and its measurement capabilities are extensively studied and validated. Finally, the combs generated by quantum dash mode-locked lasers are successfully employed for high data rate transmissions using direct-detection optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. Terabit per second capacities, as well as the low cost of this system architecture, appear to be particularly promising for future datacom applications
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Photonic Techniques for Next-Generation Integrated Optical Networks Based on Ultra-Wideband Radio / Técnicas Fotónicas para Redes Ópticas Integradas de Próxima Generación Basadas en Radio de Banda Ultra AnchaBeltrán Ramírez, Marta 10 May 2012 (has links)
La presenta Tesis Doctoral encuentra su ámbito de aplicación en redes de acceso ópticas de fibra hasta el hogar o FTTH (del inglés fibre-to-the-home). Las redes FTTH han sido ampliamente desplegadas en todo el mundo y se prevé que evolucionen hasta arquitecturas de multiplexación por división en longitud de onda o WDM(dle inglés wavelength division multiplexing).
Conforme los requerimientos de capacidady ancho de banda por usuario para servicios de comunicación de banda ancha se incrementan continuamente, tecnologías tales como hybrid wireless-optical, radio de banda ultra ancha o UWB(del inglés ultra-wideband), y radio de onda milimétrica se están investigando como soluciones viables para proporcionar tasas de datos excediendo Gigabit por segundo por usuario. Las redes híbridas inalámbrico-óptico pueden proporcionar backhaul más simple y se prevé que desempeñen un papel importante en redes de acceso de próxima generación que requerirán despliegue flexible, alta capacidad, habilidad de ampliación, escalable en número de usuarios y demanda, y factible económicamente. Las técnicas radio sobre fibra combinadas con sistemas inalámbricos multigigabit que proporcionen capacidades comparables a sistemas de comunicaciones de fibra óptica se ve como una solución rápidamente desplegable y efectiva en coste para proporcionar acceso transparente cableado/inalámbrico integrado a servicios de banda ancha para el usuario final.
Los sistemas inalámbricos UWB y de onda milimétrica son capaces de proporcionar comunicaciones multigigabit. UWB en particular permite un uso eficiente del esprectro 3.1-10.6 GHz debido a sus características únicas de coexistencia y tiene madurez de mercado. Sin embargo, la tecnología UWB está restringida por regulación en todo el mundo. Esta restricción de regulación hace de gran interés a la radio de onda milimétrica en 60 GHz debido al aproximadamente 7 GHz de ancho de banda regulado consistentemente en todo el mundo, sin restricciones de coexistencia. / Beltrán Ramírez, M. (2012). Photonic Techniques for Next-Generation Integrated Optical Networks Based on Ultra-Wideband Radio / Técnicas Fotónicas para Redes Ópticas Integradas de Próxima Generación Basadas en Radio de Banda Ultra Ancha [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/15576
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