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The fiscal response of Oregon counties to mental health grantsSavage, John F. 18 December 1978 (has links)
State and federal aid payments to local governments have grown explosively
over the last fifteen years. One reason for this growth is
that the donor governments can alter a local government's budget choices
through grants. Grants have not remedied social problems, however, because
the local governments' responses to grants were not anticipated.
Economists have broadened our understanding, but debates remain about
the proper modeling of local buur grant impact knowledge. Accordingly,
this study examined the effects of thdgeting and, because researchers used
aggregated data, gaps exist in oree types of mental health grants
on the budget allocations for Oregon counties.
The theoretical literature on the expenditure effects of grants
was first reviewed. The constrained maximization, median voter, and
budget maximization models of local fiscal decision-making were described
and then compared as to their predictions about the effects of different
grants. It was concluded that too little was known about budgetary
processes to use or compare the models' predictions.
Empirical studies were then reviewed. Researchers, largely using
demand frameworks, found that grants significantly affected local
spending and that different grants induced different spending responses. Their estimates of the stimulus differed, though. Moreover, little or
no research was undertaken on the employment, wage, and output effects
of grants. The theoretical and statistical problems with these studies
were examined. These problems were: (1) the misspecification of aid
variables; (2) the aggregation of government units and public services;
(3) the lack of institutional and political realism.
A theoretical model of Oregon counties' expenditure and production
decision-making for mental health services was developed based on the
insights and criticisms of existing models. The model consists of
eleven equations; some describing the "expenditure stage" of the budget
process, others describing the "output stage". It was argued that
county commissioners make the expenditure decisions, and that mental
health administrators make the production decisions. The framework
allowed us to examine the effects of mental health grants on expenditures,
wages, staff numbers, patient numbers, and output and to study
the determinants of grant participation.
Using regression analysis, the equations were estimated from the
observations for 31 Oregon counties in fiscal year 1975-1976. Ordinary
least squares was used in the expenditure and grant participation equations.
Two-stage and three-stage least squares were used in the rest.
Regressions were run for western and eastern Oregon counties when possible.
For all observations, the major findings suggested that a dollar of
state matching mental health aid per capita stimulated per capita mental
health expenditures by $1.37, increased the professional staff by .556
to .762 persons per 10,000 county residents and increased average professional
salaries by $2,173. A dollar of federal matching aid per
capita appeared to have an expenditure effect of $1.03, an employment effect of .722, and no salary effect. A dollar of non-matching aid per
capita had an estimated expenditure effect of $1.00, an estimated employment
effect of .35, and no salary effect.
In eastern Oregon, the major findings indicated that the marginal
expenditure effect of federal aid was $1.41, the marginal expenditure
effect of non-matching aid was $.96, and that state matching aid had no
expenditure effect.
In western Oregon, a dollar of state matching aid per capita had
an estimated expenditure effect of $2.23, a professional employment
effect of 1.25, and no significant salary effect. A dollar of non-matching
aid per capita had an estimated expenditure effect of $1.67,
and no significant employment or salary effects.
In all regressions, the mental health grant estimates were not
statistically different from one another. Finally, a production function
for mental health services was unsuccessfully estimated and discussed. / Graduation date: 1979
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Transferability of equities of Oregon agricultural marketing and supply cooperativesValpey, John Richard 18 May 1978 (has links)
This thesis, although dealing specifically with Oregon Agricultural
cooperatives, has significance for agricultural cooperatives on
a national basis when discussing equity financing.
The central issue is whether a patron may in effect transfer
his cooperative equity holding to another person without impairing
the total function of the cooperative? To answer this question
it is necessary to further define the nature of cooperative equities
and also provide clearer information into the legal, tax, accounting
and operational techniques used in cooperative equity financing.
This study examined cooperative bylaws which make specific
references to the handling of equities including transfers under
different circumstances.
The Internal Revenue Code provisions and specific IRS rulings
with regard to equity issuance, transfer and redemption are dealt
with in depth and summarized into probable tax consequences.
Securities regulation with respect to cooperative equity allocations
are also examined. Existing statute and regulation as well as
proposed reforms are reviewed and summarized.
Alternate methods of equity transfers are then identified and
analyzed with respect to cash flow and taxation.
Alternate methods of equity transferability are identified
and thoroughly analyzed with respect to taxation, investment opportunity
and cash flow. Comparative illustrations are utilized to present
differences in holding various equities versus transferring equities
at a discounted value given assumptions of tax rates, investment
opportunities, revolving periods, etc.
In conclusion, a number of decision criteria must be considered
prior to evaluating a program of equity transferability which are as
follows:
1) Cash Needs of Patrons - Cooperative patrons generally have
a need for on-farm capital and may face a substantial
opportunity cost in holding equities.
2) Distribution of Equity Holding - Certain patrons may be
personally well-capitalized and willing to finance equity
holding while undercapitalized patrons, former patrons,
and estates of deceased patrons may seek to redistribute
equity holdings.
3) Establishment of a Market - Methods and standards of equity
valuation in transfer which could be established in a
market may lead to both beneficial and costly effects for
the cooperative and patron in both the long and short term.
4) Cooperative Benefits - A number of benefits accrue to the
patron through operation of a cooperative such as the
effect on the market structure, economies of scale, farmer
participation in ownership and control, etc. These
benefits should be understood and evaluated when considering
tradeoffs caused through potential costs associated with
equity transferability.
5) External Considerations - Perhaps the most important single
factor is the effect of costs associated with potential alteration
of government control or regulation of cooperative
taxation, securities regulation, and marketing practices.
Recommendations in the area of equity transferability are intended
to improve cooperative service and response to cash needs of patrons
while limiting cooperative exposure to adverse or costly regulation.
It is suggested that a judicious program of equity transferability
may be feasible for "tax-exempt" (as defined by I.R.S.) cooperatives.
Cooperative bylaws and operating procedures should be reviewed
to assure the handling of transfers, the scope of transferability,
the rights of non-patron equity holders, and adequate disclosure of
information meets the approval of directors and/or legal counsel
in limiting potential problem areas.
Consideration is also given to alternate capital programs and
methods of equity distribution which may meet both cooperative and
patron goals. / Graduation date: 1978
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Production relationships for the Oregon commercial fishing fleetRichardson, James Andrew 03 June 1980 (has links)
Fishing firms in Oregon operate in a complex and dynamic physical,
biological and institutional environment. Within this environment, managers
of these firms will attempt to maximize some objective function
which may include profit. This maximization is dependent upon the level
of output, or the levels of inputs. Given a relationship between output
and inputs, production economics theory tells us how to combine inputs
so that an optimum level of output is achieved. This study applies production
economics theory to commercial fishing firms in Oregon.
The primary objective of this research was to determine whether a
relationship between output and production inputs could be estimated
statistically and provide the marginal value product information to determine
the optimum combination of inputs. A second objective was to determine
whether a statistical relationship could be estimated which would
predict fuel use in terms of physical boat characteristics for the
fishing firms in Oregon.
Cross-section data were obtained for analysis from a mail survey of
the population of 4,462 commercial fishing firms. Response to the survey
was excellent, with 45 percent of the surveys returned. The data were
used to estimate production relationships among the fishing firms using
gross revenue as a dependent variable and independent variables measuring
boat length, engine horsepower, hold capacity, fuel consumed fishing in
1979, mandays of labor used, years fishing experience of the skipper,
capital investment in electronic gear and capital investment in deck
gear.
Two functional forms for regression were used; log-linear and linear.
It was expected that the log-linear form of the model would provide the
best estimate based on its convenient mathematical characteristics and
wide use in empirical research applications. It turned out, however, that
the better estimate was obtained with the linear form of the model. This
estimate was interpreted as a linear approximation to a segment of the
production function and was used to calculate estimates of the marginal
value products for the production inputs.
To investigate whether a better estimate of the production relationship
could be obtained by disaggregating the sample, two disaggregations
were tried. The sample was disaggregated into groups of firms having
similar characteristics of species fished and also boat length groupings.
The results obtained from these estimations were statistically inferior
to the estimated relationship using the full sample. The conclusion was
made that the production relationships were better estimated across all
firms in the sample rather than by disaggregation.
The estimation of fuel use by boat characteristics was reasonably
successful. Again, a linear model was chosen as the best statistical
relationship. The model estimated fuel use by boat length, engine horsepower
and mandays of labor. A prediction of the fuel used by all fishing
firms was made using data on the population of fishing firms from the 1979
Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife license file. The predictive equation
used only two variables, boat length and horsepower as these are the
only characteristics presently available for the population of firms. / Graduation date: 1981
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The effect of a special living-learning residence hall experience on the self concept of entering educational opportunity program students at Oregon State University /Griggs, Lawrence Floyd. January 1978 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 1978. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the World Wide Web.
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Modernizing Oregon's Liquor Control CommissionGoodman, Andrew M 01 January 2013 (has links)
Oregon is now one of only eighteen states that regulate alcohol as a monopoly. The Oregon Liquor Control Commission (OLCC) imposes and enforces rules regulating the sale and distribution of alcohol within the state. The regulations were designed to restrict the availability of alcohols. Beer and wine avoided many restrictions imposed on liquor reflecting an incentive to alter consumption rates in favor of beer and wine over liquor.
Many of the reasons to favor beer and wine over liquor were based on scientific claims or beliefs that we now know to be untrue. Updating our regulatory environment to recalibrate the laws based on our current understanding of the effects of liquor consumption depends on the Oregon’s ability to overcome the social stigma associated with liquor and the negative externalities it produces when abused. At stake is the future of an industry that has given Oregon global prominence as a mecca of homegrown beer, wine, and spirits, contributing to business opportunities and jobs in the hospitality and retail sectors.
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Development of a bone artifact typology for the Oregon coastLindsay, Lee W. 31 May 1990 (has links)
This thesis was to develop a bone artifact typology for the Oregon coast.
This typology was used to test the hypothesis that different geographical regions of
the Oregon coast would have different artifact assemblages associated with them.
These regions, identified by geologist from landform changes, have been defined
as: region 1, from the Columbia River to Tillamook Head; region 2, from Tillamook
Head to Heceta Head; region 3, from Heceta Head to Cape Arago; region 4, from
Cape Arago to the California boarder.
Three criteria were used to develop the bone artifact typology; (1) the
artifact must be made from bone, antler, or tooth; (2) the use of the artifact as
determined from previous experimental archaeology or ethnography; (3) where artifacts
were used for a similar purpose, obvious differences in shape and/ or decoration
were used. Fifteen sites on the Oregon coast, two to four sites from each
region, were used to develop the typology and test the hypothesis.
Some patterns were apparent in the distribution of the artifact assemblages
from the Oregon coast sites and there appeared to be some tentative corralation
with the geographic regions as stated above. Bilaterally barbed harpoons only
appear in sites in region 1. Headscratchers only appear in sites in the southern
half of the Oregon coast. Evidence suggested that the composite toggling harpoon
was developed in the northern northwest coast and was introduced 3000 or more
years ago in region 1, and spread slowly down the Oregon coast until it reached
region 3 and 4 only 500 years ago. / Graduation date: 1991
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Geographic variation in central Oregon ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) : seed germination; seed, wing, and cone morphology; seed colorWeber, John C., 1948- 06 July 1988 (has links)
Geographic variation was investigated among 225 locations from five geographically disjunct regions in central Oregon. Characters included: germination speed and uniformity in two test environments
differing in stratification period and incubation temperature; weight, three dimensions and three 'angles' of seeds; weight and three dimensions of wings; cone length and scale weight; the relative cover of 14 colors on the seed coat; and three sets of principal components (germination, morphology, color). The major objectives were to investigate: (1) the distribution of character variation within and among locations; (2) correlations among characters; (3) clinal relationships with several location variables (latitude, longitude, elevation, slope/aspect, soil characteristics, associated conifers); and (4) if the three major regions differed in the distribution of variation, correlations among characters, clinal relationships, and character means. In general, the major conclusions are: (1) much of the variation
in all characters occurs within locations; (2) variation among locations is greater, and clines are steeper in germination than in
morphological characters; (3) regions differ in several seed colors and morphological characters, and in several correlations among
germination and morphological characters; (4) the Deschutes region has greater location-related variation, steeper clines, and stronger correlations between germination and morphological characters than do the two major regions farther east of the Cascade Mountain Range; (5) local aspect accounts for much of the variation in germination and morphological characters; (6) soil characteristics account for more variation in morphological than germination characters.
Variation patterns are mainly interpreted as adaptive responses to the length of the growing season, which is strongly limited by
summer drought in central Oregon. In general, drier locations appear to favor trees with faster and more uniform germination, and with longer, heavier seeds but shorter wings and cones. Seed colors are also correlated with several location variables. Effects of seed predators on seed size, shape and color are also considered. / Graduation date: 1989
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A systematic and ecological study of Astragalus diaphanus (Fabaceae)Wright, Carolyn E. 07 December 1990 (has links)
Astragalus diaphanus is a rare plant endemic to the
John Day River drainage of north-central Oregon. This
species has several interesting features, including the
dimorphism of its fruit and its geographical isolation from
the two nearest taxonomically related species, which occur
in Colorado. This study addressed the species' distribution
and habitat, the taxonomic relationships between the
varieties of A. diaphanus, certain morphological comparisons
among the species, possible reasons for the rarity of A.
diaphanus, and the population biology of this taxon.
Astragalus diaphanus was found to be more widespread in
the John Day drainage than was previously known, but its
range has shrunk due to habitat loss along the Columbia
River. In this study, two varieties are recognized within a
single species, based on striking morphological differences
in pod forms which correspond to a break in geographical
distribution. Other morphological characters are similar
between the varieties. Flavonoid analysis and chromosome
counts support this taxonomic treatment. Further study is
needed to elucidate the relationships of A. diaphanus and
its taxonomic relatives in Colorado.
A low reproductive rate in A. diaphanus appears to be a
potential problem, possibly contributing to its rarity. The
species exhibits a combination of annual and biennial lifecycles.
Many annual individuals of A. diaphanus perish
without reproducing. This may be off-set by a large seedbank,
which is replenished sporadically by high production
in robust biennials.
There is not a need at the present time to provide
legal protection to var. diaphanus, the more widespread and
common taxon. However, var. diurnus has a very limited
distribution along the South Fork of the John Day River and
is represented by few populations. Many of these are
marginally viable, and there are active threats to the
existence of the latter variety. Astragalus diaphanus var.
diurnus should be afforded legal protection as an endangered
species. / Graduation date: 1991
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Insect community composition and physico-chemical processes in summer-dry streams of Western OregonDieterich, Martin 07 December 1992 (has links)
Seven streams, one of them permanent, were studied in
western Oregon, USA. The research was designed to assess
the value of summer-dry headwaters for conservation
oriented landscape management. Streams were categorized
primarily according to exposure (forest versus meadow
sites) and secondarily according to flow duration
(ephemeral = short-flow versus temporary = long-flow
sites). Ephemeral streams have discontinuous flow and last
less than three months annually. Temporary streams have
continuous flow for more than five months each season.
Ephemeral forest streams were highly efficient at
filtering road-generated sediment. Uptake lengths for
suspended sediment were short (36 m-105 m) at moderately
elevated input concentrations. As a result of the
filtration mechanism, filtration efficiency is expected to
increase as annual flow duration decreases.
Injection experiments yielded nitrate uptake rates of
almost 1% per m of temporary stream channel. Exchange with
subsurface flow was the most important route for nitrate
removal from the water column. Biological uptake was
insignificant in a light-limited forest stream, whereas a
considerable amount of nitrate was retained by the biota
a nutrient-limited meadow channel.
At least 207 insect species were collected from the
summer-dry streams. Species richness recorded from
temporary forest streams exceeded that in an adjacent
permanent headwater and there was high overlap between the
fauna of the permanent and the temporary streams. Species
richness in ephemeral channels was only 1/4 to 1/3 of that
in long-flow forest streams.
Multivariate analysis of community structure revealed
flow duration and microhabitat pattern (riffle-pool) as
the most important environmental factors determining faunal
composition in temporary forest streams. Summer drought
conditions at the sample sites also were important.
By providing habitat and contributing to water quality
in permanent downstream reaches, summer-dry streams have
the potential to serve multiple purposes in conservation
management. Their value from a conservation perspective is
unexpectedly high. Landscape management therefore should be
directed toward the preservation and protection of
ephemeral and temporary streams. / Graduation date: 1993
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Effects of variation in ecosystem carryover on biodiversity and community structure of forest floor bryophytes and understory vascular plants : a retrospective approachTraut, Bibit Halliday 21 November 1994 (has links)
Graduation date: 1995
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