The influence of streambank location and timing of herbivory on success of planted Booth's willow (Salix boothii Dorn) cuttings along a Rosgen C5-type stream in an eastern Oregon meadow was determined. Willow cuttings were planted on two morphological locations (i.e. point bar and floodplain) in May of 2002 and 2003. Gravimetric soil moisture and depth to water table data were collected periodically on each planting location during the growing season, May through September, in both years. Three grazing treatments, early season, late season, and none (control) were conducted. Percent survival, leader density, and number of browsed leaders of willows were recorded prior to and after each grazing treatment, as well as stubble height of forage species. Simple linear regression was used to determine if a relationship between residual stubble height and percent willow browse existed. Multiple linear regression was used in an attempt to develop a predictive equation for percent browse based on pre-grazing stubble and willow heights. It was hypothesized that depth to water table and percent soil moisture throughout the growing season would significantly influence willow survival and growth; that survival would be higher on point bar locations; and that willows would be browsed at different intensities according to season of grazing. Soil moisture content at point bar locations was greater than that of floodplain locations for the majority of the growing season in both years. In 2003, groundwater levels were higher on point bar than floodplain locations from May through September. Willow survival was higher for point bar locations than floodplain locations, in both years, regardless of grazing treatment. Willows were browsed more intensively later in the growing season. Results from the simple linear regression suggest that percent browse of willows was related to the residual stubble height, but did not explain the variability observed. An attempt to develop a predictive equation, i.e., expected browse based on pre-grazing stubble height, was made, however no apparent relationship between the willow height, stubble height, and percent browse was found. Grazing treatment did influence willow survival; survival on floodplain locations within the late grazing treatment was less than that of the ungrazed floodplain locations. Our results suggest that planting willows in locations where the planting depth remains within 40 cm of the groundwater depth will increase planting success. Protection from grazing for at least the first year of growth is recommended for optimum planting survival; grazing early in the season is more favorable to survival than grazing later in the season. / Graduation date: 2004

Two studies investigated the characteristics of high-risk Hispanic parents with young children who were enrolled in a primary prevention home visitation program targeting first birth families. In the first study, more and less acculturated high-risk Hispanic families were compared to high-risk non-Hispanic White families on differences in demographic characteristics, risk factors associated with poor child outcomes, and parent behaviors related to infant health. Using the General Linear Model Univariate procedure, these characteristics were then related to level of parenting skills, measured after approximately one year of service. A total of 1005 families were included in the study. There were important differences in parent psychosocial characteristics, health risks, and outcomes among Hispanic families. Hispanic mothers who were more acculturated, as measured by use of English in the home, were more likely to be at risk for substance abuse, mental illness, and family conflict. They were more likely to smoke and less likely to breastfeed. Less acculturated Hispanic mothers were less educated and more likely to be isolated. Controlling for pretest scores and education level, there were significant between group differences on parenting skills after one year of service, however the effect was small and overshadowed by the significant interaction effect between partner status and household category. Scores for single Spanish-speaking Hispanic mothers were significantly lower than scores of Spanish-speaking Hispanics in partner households. Risk factors that were positively associated with program progress included breastfeeding and mother's education level. Smoking, mental illness, and unrealistic expectations for the child were negatively associated with program progress. The second paper addressed the efficacy of an age-paced parenting newsletter as part of a home-visiting program for Spanish-speaking Hispanic parents. Family Service Workers serving these families delivered the newsletter and used it as a curriculum guide and teaching tool for families. Parents reported reading the newsletter, learning from it, and changing their behavior in response to newsletter content. Home visitors reported that it was a useful tool to reach high-risk parents with important parenting information. They found that it was particularly useful to combat inappropriate or unhealthful parenting advice from well-meaning family members and friends. / Graduation date: 2004

Garden symphylans (Scutigerella immaculata Newport) are increasingly important pests of below-ground parts of over 100 crops in Oregon. The focus of our work was to improve S. immaculata management through 1) development of a bait sampling method, 2) examination of the susceptibility of selected crops to S. immaculata feeding in the field and laboratory and a reanalysis of previously published results, and 3) investigation of the suitability of selected crops and soil for the development of S. immaculata populations in the field and laboratory. Sample size requirements were developed for the bait and soil sampling methods. Estimating densities of 1 to 20 S. immaculata at fixed precision levels required 1.5 times more sample units for the baiting method than the soil method. Sampling recommendations for the baiting method performed well when validated by resampling a large independent data set. The bait sampling method provides an effective reliable alternative to the standard soil sampling method. In the laboratory, as S. immaculata densities increased, dry weight of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) seedlings were significantly reduced from 85 to 89%, whereas corn (Zea mays L.) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) dry weight were not reduced. As S. immaculata densities increased in the field, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) and broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.) crops sharply decreased, while the NDVI of corn and potato crops was only slightly reduced. In reanalysis of previously published data, the stand counts of crops seeded into S. immaculata infested soil appeared to increase as seed size increased. These findings will be used to help develop action thresholds and sample size requirements, and reduce S. immaculata damage. In the laboratory, S. immaculata population growth was significantly greater on spinach than on tomato, sweet corn, potato, or soil alone, and significantly lower on potato than on spinach, corn, tomato, or soil alone. In the field, greater S. immaculata population decreases were observed in potatoes than in sweet corn or clean fallow. These results provide strong evidence that crop rotation may significantly influence S. immaculata population levels. / Graduation date: 2003

Understanding how large-scale processes (>100 kms) influence ecological communities is currently a major focus in ecology. In marine systems, coastal upwelling, a large-scale oceanographic process in which surface water pushed offshore by winds is replaced by cold, nutrient-rich water from depth, appears to cause variation in rocky intertidal communities. Along the central Oregon coast upwelling occurs intermittently during the summer while on the southern coast it begins earlier in the spring and is less variable throughout the summer. Coastal upwelling can affect rocky intertidal communities by altering the delivery of nutrients, larvae, and phytoplankton. I conducted three studies on both the southern and central Oregon coast to understand how differences in upwelling affect rocky intertidal community structure and dynamics. In the first study, I examined the recruitment and growth rates of sessile invertebrates (mussels and barnacles). Recruitment of both mussels and barnacles, and growth of mussels were consistently higher on the central Oregon coast than the southern coast. Upwelled water is nutrient-rich, so differences in upwelling are likely to affect growth rates of macroalgae. In the second study, I tested this hypothesis by monitoring the growth of two species of intertidal kelp at both central and southern coast sites. During El Ni��o years, when upwelling is sharply reduced on the central Oregon coast, algae may fare better at sites on the southern coast where upwelling is less affected. However, during years when upwelling is strong all along the coast, nutrient limitation does not appear to differentially affect macroalgal growth rates. Finally, in the third study, I examined the influence of upwelling on the interactions between microalgal primary producers and herbivorous limpets. I conclude that this interaction is complex and varies both within and between upwelling regions. My research suggests that a transition in upwelling from weak and sporadic on the central Oregon coast to stronger and more persistent on the southern Oregon coast drives the striking differences in rocky intertidal community structure and dynamics between these areas. / Graduation date: 2003

The WET-Temp (Watershed Evaluation Tool Temperature) model is designed to take advantage of spatially explicit datasets to predict stream temperature distribution. Datasets describing vegetation cover, stream network locations, elevation and stream discharge are utilized by WET-Temp to quantify geometric relationships between the sun, stream channel and riparian areas. These relationships are used to estimate the energy gained or lost by the stream via various heat flux processes (solar and longwave radiation, evaporation, convection and advection). The sum of these processes is expressed as a differential energy balance equation applied at discrete locations across the stream network. The model describes diurnal temperature dynamics at each of these locations and thus temperature distribution across the entire network. WET-Temp is calibrated to a tributary of the South Santiam River in western Oregon, McDowell Creek. The mean differences between measured and modeled values in McDowell Creek were 0.6��C for daily maximum temperature and 1.3��C for daily minimum temperature. The model was then used to predict maximum and minimum temperatures in an adjacent tributary, Hamilton Creek. The mean differences between modeled and measured values in this paired basin were 1.8��C for daily maximum temperatures and 1.4��C for daily minimum temperatures. Influences of model parameters on modeled temperature distributions are explored in a sensitivity analysis. The ability of WET-Temp to utilize spatially explicit datasets in estimating temperature distributions across stream networks advances the state of the art in modeling stream temperature. / Graduation date: 2003

Using the hydrographic data collected by the ACONA from June 1961 to May 1963, the Oregon coastal front has been examined. Representative sigma-t surfaces were chosen to delineate the front, and changes in position of these surfaces with time were used to obtain zonal flow rates for the frontal and surface layers. From May to early October upwelling resulted in offshore flow. Onshore flow was indicated from late October to January, and indeterminate zonal flow occurred during the remainder of the year. Flow within the front agreed with these surface flows in ten of the fourteen observational periods. / Graduation date: 1964

A necrosis at the tip of cones was observed on hop (Humulus lupulus), cultivar "Nugget", grown in Oregon in the early 1990's. Fusarium sambucinum and F. avenaceum were recovered from symptomatic cones in 1998 and preliminary inoculation experiments suggested both Fusarium species could cause hop cone necrosis. Studies were carried out to (1) examine pathogenicity and demonstrate Koch's postulates for hop cone tip blight using isolates of F. avenaceum and F. sambucinum obtained from hop cones; (2) examine isolates of F. avenaceum and F. sambucinum derived from other diseased plant hosts, and other Fusarium species derived from hop cones, for ability to cause cone necrosis; and (3) survey commercial fields to determine Fusarium populations on 'Nugget' cone parts. Isolates ofF. avenaceum and F. sambucinum recovered from diseased hop cones were used for pathogenicity experiments. In addition, cone inoculations were done with single isolates of F. avenaceum and F. sambucinum from diseased sweet corn roots, one isolate of F. sambucinum recovered from a diseased potato tuber, individual isolates of F. equiseti and F. oxysporum from hop cones. Cones of two hop cultivars, 'Nugget' and 'Willamette', were collected from three different farms on three sampling dates and inoculated with spore suspensions of hop-derived F. avenaceum and F. sambucinum at concentrations of 10��, 1O���, and 10��� conidia/ml to examine dosage effects. Necrosis was evaluated 2, 4, 6, and 8 days after inoculation. Percent cone necrosis decreased as inoculum concentration of either F. avenaceum or F. sambucinum decreased, and was lowest on water-treated cones, for all three sampling dates. The respective Fusarium species were recovered from symptomatic cones. Cone necrosis developed following cone inoculation with F. avenaceum or F. sambucinum from potato or corn. Hop cones inoculated with F. equiseti or F. oxysporum also developed necrosis, but at relatively lower levels compared to the other Fusarium species used for inoculations. For the surveys in commercial hop fields, burr and cone material were collected on five different dates. Fusarium sambucinum was recovered most frequently, but F. avenaceum was also found. Both Fusarium species were recovered from asymptomatic burr and cone materials throughout the growing season. In general, Fusarium species, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum, F. culmorum, F. solani, plus F. avenaceum and F. sambucinum were found more frequently early in the season on stigmatic tissue, and Fusarium recovery decreased as the season progressed. Fusarium prolferatum and F. monilforme were recovered rarely. / Graduation date: 2004

Leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) were surveyed in Western Oregon vineyards in 1999. Four sites were sampled for leafhoppers using a sticky trap method, and 29 vineyards were sampled for leafhoppers using a sweep net method in the summer of 1999. The sticky trap and sweep net methods were chosen based on cost, ease of use, and the fact that they are commonly used tools available for growers and IPM programs. Populations varied according to sample method, date, location, height, agricultural practices, and growing region. Each method resulted in the capture of different leafhopper species. Sticky traps attracted, and caught mobile insects such as the winged adults. The sweep net captured leafhoppers of all stadia from the vegetation. There was seasonal variation seen for each leafhopper group. Greatest numbers of leafhoppers were caught on the border and edges of the vineyard, presumably because of the surrounding vegetation providing refuge and food. The height of catch was dependent upon the preferred host plant of the leafhopper. Species that feed on the grapevine were generally found in the canopy from 90 to 150 cm above the soil surface. Vineyard management influenced abundance and diversity within the sites. Those vineyards using the least input had the highest diversity and lowest overall abundance of leafhoppers. Chemical use, irrigation, and cover crop choice influenced the species composition of the vineyard. The sites to the south of the Willamette Valley had a higher abundance of the species Psamotettix sp. The community structure of leafhoppers appeared to be more similar in the southern sites to California. The vineyards that had a diverse mix of plants in the cover crop had a more diverse population of leafhoppers. Most species found in this study feed on herbaceous plants that are common as vineyard ground cover. The cover crop that most low input management sites use may increase the number of leafhoppers that feed on the vine, but the presence of a cover crop has many advantages in the vineyard system. / Graduation date: 2001

This study explored the influence of motivations on the volunteer experience. The relationship among motivations. volunteer satisfaction, acceptance and support of the organizational goals, and outcomes of success in the volunteer role (pattern of participation and ombudsman effectiveness) were explored using Multiple Linear Regression analyses. Motivational Systems Theory (Ford, 1992) was applied to the investigation of relationships among these variables. It was proposed that alignment between the individual volunteer's motivations and the organization's goals should predict higher levels of satisfaction, organizational commitment, and success. Psychological aspects of the volunteer experience proved valuable to the explanation of certain indicators of success in the Ombudsman role. The rates of case reporting and the time devoted to the Ombudsman role seemed to be influenced by the importance of particular motivations toward volunteerism, the extent to which these motivations are fulfilled by involvement with the Ombudsman program, and the commitment expressed toward the organization. Communal (offering) motivations were rated among the most important for the majority of volunteers. However, satisfaction scores were higher for both agentic and affiliation motivational factors than for the communal motivational factor. Overall, Ombudsmen were least motivated by motivations characterized as agentic or self-oriented. Volunteers with lower importance ratings for agentic motivations had moderately higher reporting rates than did participants attributing less importance to self-oriented motivations. Volunteers expressed high levels of organizational commitment and overall satisfaction in the role. The more committed these participants were to the organization, the more likely they were to experience satisfaction in their roles, and the more likely they were to express high levels of importance for all factors of motivation in this model. A significant effect was found for the influence of organizational commitment on time commitment, case reporting, and the frequency of visits. Motivational Systems Theory was found to be a useful framework for analyzing the effects of personal characteristics and psychological aspects of the volunteer experience on success and satisfaction in the Ombudsman role. / Graduation date: 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the marketing strategies of custom clothing home-based business owners by identifying selected demographic characteristics, general business information, marketing strategies, and current and potential future marketing support from members who were custom clothier home-based business owners affiliated with the Professional Association of Custom Clothiers in the Oregon Chapter. The PACC is an organization developed to assist custom clothier home-based businesses and commercial businesses that are in fields associated with the sewing industry. There is limited research developed exploring areas focused on the marketing of custom clothier home-based businesses. The custom clothier home-based business owner acts as the research and development manager, production manager, and accountant as well as the marketer of the business Therefore, as concluded in previous studies the examination of the marketing strategies used by custom clothiers and any marketing support offered by professional organizations that assist home-based businesses, required further investigation. A self-administered mail survey questionnaire was mailed to all members of the PACC organization in order to collect data for this study. Only members who owned a custom clothier home-based business were asked to participate. The data from 45 of the returned questionnaires were identified as useable and analyzed using a Statistical Analysis System (SAS) version 7. Percents and frequencies were used to analyze the demographic characteristics, marketing strategies, and current and potential future marketing support from the PACC organization. Eighty percent of the respondents had been members of the PACC organization for three years or more. The greatest percentage of the respondents (13.33%) had owned their custom clothier business for 12 years. The majority of the respondents contribute fifty percent or less of the total household income. The respondents in the survey confirmed that word-of-mouth communication was the most effective method of promotion for the custom clothier home-based business owner. Networking was the most beneficial item of marketing support the respondents derive from membership in the PACC organization. A Likert Scale with the endpoints of "Very Beneficial and Not Very Beneficial" identified that the respondents also perceive product/service development at meetings as a very beneficial source of marketing support from the PACC organization. Future ideas for possible potential marketing support for the PACC organization included: 1) using the PACC referral service, 2) more publicity for the PACC organization, and 3) more exposure at the national level. Fisher's Exact Test was used to analyze data. Four separate two-by-two tables were developed to compare the respondents as two groups of 1) those respondents who had marketing experience and/or education to 2) those respondents who did not have marketing experience and/or education. Therefore, the column factor in the columns of the two-by-two tables was marketing experience and/or education and was indicated by the respondents on the questionnaire with a "yes" or "no" response. The row factors in each of the four separate two-by-two tables were: 1) geographic range of the clientele. 2) number of competitors in the local area. 3) requests for new fabrics, embellishments, or interfacings, and 4) satisfaction with the level of profits from the business. This investigation revealed that the proportion of the respondents who had marketing experience and/or education were inclined to have clientele outside the designated local area of a 50-mile radius within the location of the home-based business. The two-by-two table that compared the column factor of marketing experience and/or education and the row factor of satisfaction with the level of profits from the business revealed no significant differences between the two groups of respondents. Satisfaction of the business was not associated with either having marketing experience and/or education or not having marketing experience and/or education. Research investigating the marketing strategies of custom clothier home-based business owner is an important topic. The marketing of the custom clothier home-based business is often a complex process and is difficult to master and implement. / Graduation date: 2000