Extensive research has been devoted to evaluating potential genotype-environment interactions. However, plant breeders are still in need of a simple way to describe how genotypes respond to different locations and years. In an environmentally diverse state like Oregon, significant genotype-environment interactions do occur The resulting lack of association between actual and genotypic potential yield performance makes it difficult to select genotypically superior lines. This study was prompted to evaluate the extent of such an interaction and compare various yield stability models. A significant genotype-environment interaction encompassing lines, environments, and years was discovered for each individual year analyzed and for the combined analysis of 1992, 1994 and 1995, and 1989 through 1994. Most lines evaluated during 1992, 1994 and 1995 were adapted to low yielding environments. However, two genotypes (OR880172 and OR880525) exhibited broad adaptation. Stephens and Mac Vicar were less adapted to the relatively high yielding Chambers site than the other genotypes tested during 1992, 1994 and 1995 due to Septoria tritici infections. The most stable genotypes during the combined 1992, 1994 and 1995 and 1989-1994 seasons were OR870831, Madsen and OR8500933H. Gene was the most desirable genotype based on stability and yield for both the combined 1992, 1994 and 1995 and 1989-1994 seasons. Due to an inability to adapt to higher yielding environments, the cultivar Rohde was the least stable genotype during the same combined periods. High and low temperatures and precipitation had minor yet significant effects on yield responses at all three sites during various periods identified. Advanced winter wheat selections and cultivars were grown in three diverse environments and compared over different time periods. Due to trial design and the objective of identifying superior genotypes from a set tested in target environments a combination of two methods, stability variance and a selection index, emerged as the most appropriate techniques. These approaches are considered the most appropriate because they use the mean of the trial as a gauge for measuring stability. / Graduation date: 1997

Relations between the diversity of juvenile anadromous salmonids and pool features were examined in a managed and a pristine watershed in Oregon during the summer of 1990. There were no differences (p>0.05) in pool depth, velocity or pool wood volumes between streams. However, the pristine system had twice the number of pools within similar lineal distances. Pools in the pristine system also had larger substrates (percent dominant within pools) and smaller pool area (p=0.01). Fish diversity was found to be greater in pools in the pristine system than in the managed system using the Simpson's Diversity and Shannon Evenness indicies (p=0.01). The Shannon-Wiener Diversity index did not show any differences between streams. The difference in assemblage diversity was due to differences in relative abundance and not species richness. Relative abundance of juvenile steelhead and cutthroat trout and coho salmon was more even in Cummins Creek, the pristine system, than in Cape Creek, the managed system. Relative abundance of coho increased in the managed system possibly due to a change in pool habitat characteristics, whose conditions favored coho salmon, but this relationship was not clear. This study emphasizes the importance of assessing communities of juvenile anadromous salmonids as opposed to studies involving a single species. Past land management activities have focused upon single species' with regards to a particular habitat component, which has decreased biodiversity and changed stream habitat characteristics through cumulative effects. Resource managers should examine interactions between habitat characteristics and salmonid communities in order to maintain biological diversity or risk creating favored habitat for a single species within stream systems. / Graduation date: 1997

Parenting education is a process of providing information to parents on the challenges of parenting, services available for families, and ideas on how to interact with children. The federal Even Start family literacy program, designed to increase the educational opportunities of parents and children, has a strong parenting education component. Parenting information is offered through formal classes, support groups, home visits and by involving parents in their child's classroom. Using the life course and family system's perspective, this study examined the impact of participation in the Even Start program on parents' knowledge of parenting and their parenting practices. The study employed a pretest-posttest design and utilized quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. In all, 74 Even Start and 26 comparison group parents participated. Four hypotheses were tested: (a) Even Start parents would make greater gains in parenting knowledge and practices than would comparison group parents; (b) parents who made gains in parenting knowledge and practices would have different demographic characteristics than those who did not make gains; (c) parents with lower depression, higher self-esteem, and greater social support would make greater gains in parenting knowledge and practices; and (d) programs offering more hours of parenting education would have parents making greater gains in parenting knowledge and practices. Quantitative results indicate that there are demographic differences at pretest and posttest in parents' scores on parenting knowledge and practices although there is no significant difference in score gains as the result of program participation. More positive parenting practices were associated at pretest and posttest with lower levels of depression. Qualitative results found increases in parenting knowledge, parenting practices, and self-esteem. No differences were found in programs who offered greater number of hours of parenting education than those that did not. / Graduation date: 1997

Toxicological studies were carried out to evaluate the susceptibility of codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. to different insecticides. Bioassay procedures for adults and larvae were standardized in terms of posttreatment holding and temperature, age and sex of insects, insecticide formulations and selection of a reference strain. This study detected a low level of resistance to azinphosmethyl in codling moth from Oregon. The LD50 value of the most susceptible strain was 0.038 ug AI/moth, while that of the most resistant population was approximately 4.3 times higher as determined by the topical application method on pheromone traps. The adult topical bioassay using moths reared in the laboratory showed that two of the seven strains tested (Crippens and Medford) had 4-5 fold higher LD50 values than reference (Saint Cloud) strain. In the topical and residual studies with first instar larvae, similar but slightly lower differences were observed among the different populations. There was a strong indication of low levels of resistance in populations to diazinon and fenvalerate in topical tests applied to both males and females. However, there was no significant difference for carbaryl or endosulfan. Larval topical bioassays showed a significant difference only to diazinon. Correlation analysis suggests that a degree of cross-resistance exists between azinphosmethyl and diazinon and to some extent to fenvalerate. Codling moths exposed to the residues of diflubenzuron showed a maximum of 2-fold difference between the susceptible and resistant populations. The differences were visible in terms of egg hatch and first instar larval entries. The pupal and adult stages emerging from the treated apples exposed to ovipositing females showed insignificant sublethal effects. A strong positive correlation between the resistance to azinphosmethyl and resistance to diflubenzuron was noticed. Selection of codling moths for resistance to diflubenzuron for six generations in the laboratory decreased susceptibility by 5-fold. Application of synergists such as PBO and DEF, combined with azinphosmethyl and diflubenzuron, showed slightly different effects on all strains of codling moth. Use of PBO (a P-450 inhibiting compound) with azinphosmethyl and diflubenzuron did not change toxicity of either of the compounds. However, the combination of DEF (an esterase inhibiting compound) with the insecticides significantly increased the toxicity of azinphosmethyl and to some extent diflubenzuron. The maximum synergistic ratios obtained were 8 and 2 for azinphosmethyl and diflubenzuron, respectively. These results indicate a possible involvement of esterases in development of resistance in codling moth to azinphosmethyl and maybe to diflubenzuron. The optimal synergistic ratio determined on a resistant strain of codling moth to various combinations of azinphosmethyl and DEF was 1:4 (50 ppm of azinphosmethyl 200 ppm of DEF). The phytotoxicity studies on young apple trees showed that DEF should be used at or below 500 ppm to avoid phytotoxicity while maintaining effective control of codling moth with a reduced dose of azinphosmethyl. / Graduation date: 1997

The purpose of this study was to determine the level of awareness and use of selected universal design features and products in single-family housing by Oregon housing contractors. Also researched were barriers and incentives to use as well as the position and opinions of these housing contractors on the viability of universal design standards becoming part of the residential building code. This study used a self-administered, mail survey questionnaire developed by the researcher. The Dillman Total Design Method (Dillman, 1978) was used as the basis for the survey instrument and its administration. A random sample of housing contractors indicating single-family residential construction as a primary focus of business was taken from the Oregon Construction Contractors' Board list. One hundred sixty-four surveys were returned for use in analysis. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, mean, and frequency distributions. Paired sample t-tests were used to determine differences between awareness and use of universal design. Multiple regression and Pearson correlations were used to compare universal design use and selected demographic characteristics. Paired sample t-tests determined whether or not added cost to implement universal design affected use. Kendall's tau tests compared viability and mandated use of universal design as part of the building code. The MANOVA test compared current voluntary use and housing contractors' opinions about specified characteristics of universal design. These analyses found that of Oregon housing contractors surveyed, there was a greater awareness than use of universal design, which was significant. Barriers and incentives to use were important considerations in the process of adopting universal design. Cost and demand by clients were most often cited. A majority of respondents felt that incorporating universal design standards as part of the building code was a viable idea, even though they disagreed with it. Specified demographic characteristics of housing contractors did not play a significant role in either awareness or use of universal design. Added cost to implement universal design was found to be associated with its use. The more there was an indication of additional cost, the less the use of universal design. / Graduation date: 2000

Waldo Lake, located in the Oregon Cascades, is considered to be one of the most dilute lakes in the world. Even with very low nutrient concentrations and sparse populations of zooplankton, introduced fish in the lake are large in size and in good condition when compared to fish from other lakes. Fish were originally stocked in Waldo Lake in the late 1800's. The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife began stocking in the late 1930's and continued stocking until 1991. Species existing in Waldo Lake today include brook trout, rainbow trout, and kokanee salmon. The overall objective of this thesis was to increase the understanding of the interrelationships that affect the age, growth, and diet of fish in Waldo Lake. The specific objectives were to summarize and synthesize available information on the substrate, climate, water, and biota of the Waldo Lake Basin; describe the cultural history and current cultural values of the Waldo Lake Basin; determine the age, growth, length, weight, condition, diet, and reproduction of introduced fish species in Waldo Lake; interrelate the above information to show how these components of the natural-cultural system are related. Fish were collected one week per month from early June through mid-October in 1992 and 1993. Variable mesh experimental gillnets set in nearshore areas were used to capture fish in 1992. During the 1993 sampling period, experimental gillnets and trapnets were set in the nearshore areas of the lake. Relative age specific growth rates of brook trout in Waldo Lake are comparable to brook trout growth rates in other lakes. Brook trout growth rates generally decreased with age, however, there were no significant differences in the growth rate of each age class between 1991 and 1993. The condition of brook trout in Waldo Lake is also comparable to brook trout in other lakes. The same is true for rainbow trout and kokanee salmon. Fish in Waldo Lake are large in size and in good condition due, in part, to the availability of benthic macroinvertebrates. Taxa found in stomach contents of fish captured in Waldo Lake consisted primarily of aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates, but terrestrial vertebrates and vertebrates, although infrequently consumed, were also part of the total diet. Rainbow trout in Waldo Lake consumed primarily chironomidae larvae and pupae although odonata larvae, ephemeroptera larvae, and amphipods were also consumed. Kokanee salmon fed almost exclusively on chironomid larvae although small numbers of ephemeroptera larvae, odonata larvae, and coleoptera were also consumed. The most important macroinvertebrate taxon consumed by Waldo Lake brook trout was chironomid larvae and pupae, although other species also were important. The diet of Waldo Lake brook trout varied in a complex way that appeared to be related to the relative abundance of macroinvertebrate taxa, feeding location in the lake, and time of year. Brook trout diet also varied by size class. The components of the Waldo Lake natural-cultural system are complexly interrelated and the nature of these relationships are constantly changing. Each component in some way affects and is, in turn, affected by each of the other components. Changes in some components, such as substrate, affect other components along geologic time scales. Other components, such human culture and biota, may change rapidly within a decade. The capacity of natural-cultural systems, such as Waldo Lake, to change over time makes it possible to view the present state of the system only as a snapshot in time. This dynamic nature of the Waldo Lake natural-cultural system is not unique to Waldo Lake, but is expressed in all natural- cultural systems. / Graduation date: 1997

This is an investigative, descriptive study that explored fishing regulation conflicts between commercial fishermen and fishery resource management agencies. The purpose of the study was to develop a rich picture of the conflict phenomenon and apply sociological theory in order to illuminate the underlying structures and functions which contribute to the conflict. Ethnographic methods and guided conversations were used to collect data. The themes which emerged centered around issues of inequity, inadequate representation, poor communication, politics and bureaucracy. It was found that the bureaucratic structure of the regulatory decision making process unevenly distributes power and control. It is suggested that processes and management approaches which involve all of the stakeholders in a decision making system which is not hierarchical in structure may help alleviate some of the conflict between commercial fishermen and fishery resource management agencies. / Graduation date: 1997

Graduation date: 1997

Demands for increasingly more responsive education systems have caused some higher education institutions to reconsider their original missions and envision new futures. This is particularly true with land grant institutions whose mandate it is to be the people's university. The purpose of this study was to explore the first year of a change project at a land grant institution to determine first attempts to prepare for and catalyze systemic change. The literature review supported the position that change was seldom enduring in higher education organizations, and to effect systemic change an organization needed to embrace the concept of learning. This study sought to make sense of organizational change through the experience of an innovative vision-driven, participant-centered change process. Data were analyzed using multiple sources including interviews, fieldnotes, project documents and participant observation. Three themes emerged from the analysis representative of participant experience: Learning How to Change; Developing a Change Design; and Collaboration and the Paradox of Partnership. The themes represented primary areas of learning for participants in the first year of the project. Stories of participant learning were expressed through key events experienced during the 12-month inquiry. Outcomes of this study reflected the centrality of learning in the beginning months of the change project. Change agents needed opportunities to learn how to change before enlisting others in the process. Active learning, reflection, and the value discovered through an expanded capacity for change created deeper ownership in the project for many participants. These aspects of the change process were also identified as attributes of a learning organization. Another significant research outcome addressed partnering efforts in the project's initial months. First attempts to build collaborative relationships with the State's community colleges were ineffective due to low levels of trust and highly competitive cultures. / Graduation date: 1997

The death toll from AIDS continues to rise in the United States. As of May 1, 1995, 441,528 cases of AIDS had been recorded in the U. S. One of the most powerful ways to control the spread of this disease is prevention education. In 1988, Oregon passed OAR 581-22-412 requiring implementation of HIV/AIDS education as a part of a comprehensive health education program throughout grade levels K-12. The Oregon Department of Education and the Oregon Health Division produced a curriculum and implemented a statewide inservice program in 1988. There has been no uniform statewide training since then, nor have implementation practices been monitored consistently. Sixth grade is a pivotal time in childhood when children are passing through puberty into adolescence. Sixth grade may be placed in a middle school with a health specialist, or in an elementary school with no health teacher. This grade may be the final opportunity for intervening before students adopt behavior patterns which may lead to HIV/AIDS. The purposes for this study were twofold. The first was to determine the extent to which Oregon sixth-grade teachers were implementing HIV/AIDS education. The second was to discover what factors might predict whether a sixth-grade teacher would be an implementer. A random stratified sample of 400 was drawn from the population of 1,333 sixth-grade teachers employed during 1993-1994. These teachers received a written questionnaire. Three-hundred and six teachers returned surveys. One-hundred and twenty of the subjects met the definition for implementer and 48 were determined to be non-implementers. The remaining 138 did not supply enough information to be categorized but their responses were used where applicable. Null hypotheses were tested using the chi-square and Mann-Whitney U statistics. Significant factors were whether teachers had some training and having had training in characteristics of HIV infection, low-risk behaviors leading to HIV infection, prevention behaviors, infection control, and social implications of AIDS. Regression analysis was employed to determine factors which predict that a teacher will be an implementer. Significant factors were a) having had inservice in low-risk behaviors, b) teaching in a self-contained classroom, c) and not defining oneself as politically conservative. / Graduation date: 1996