Graduation date: 1994

One of the greatest technological breakthroughs of humanity was the ability to construct a device and eventually a system which would provide a more efficient, safe, clean, convenient and relatively inexpensive form of illumination than ever used previously electric light. The introduction of this new technology into Oregon communities in the early years of this century was a remarkable accomplishment. Along with memories of the light itself, important and intriguing recollections of "life lived yesterday" are often associated with these early days of electric lighting. Because these "yesterdays" are becoming more distant from the present, persons holding those memories are reaching ages where such information becomes difficult to recall, vague, distorted and often forgotten altogether. In this study, memories of how electric light affected people were recalled differently in some aspect by informants, whether it was used for the purpose of lighting streets and buildings or on personal properties within the home and on farms. Published information describing the effects of electric lighting on society is relatively scarce. Consequently, persons with important previous experiences are in many instances the only source of insight on how our predecessors lived before electric light was in use and especially how this technological breakthrough may or may not have affected their lives. Those published descriptions of pre-electric life that do exist are most commonly found in obscure publications, often originating in small or private electric company newsletters and annual reports. Very few of these reports were compiled in a systematic scheme later to be interpreted quantitatively and in light of previous research. My own interest in this subject was piqued when I realized that both oral histories and technical data on how electricity affected individuals of the Pacific Northwest region is profoundly poor in comparison to material available on other parts of the country. With this understanding, 32 individuals representing a span of 30 years, five states and 15 different communities throughout Oregon, were interviewed over the course of four months. The informants were asked questions pertaining to their lifestyle and memories before, during and after the introduction of electricity, and more specifically about the advent of electric light into their communities and homes. Because the study utilized a minuscule sample size in comparison to the state population, generalizations were not appropriate. Nevertheless, the oral histories provided a greater insight into how the introduction of electric light and electric power affected the life of an Oregonian. / Graduation date: 1994

The purpose of this investigation was to obtain a broad view of the development and structure of the program of college education conducted at the Oregon State Penitentiary (OSP) in Salem, Oregon to arrive at a means to explicate program effectiveness. This research problem encompassed the compilation and interpretation of an historical chronicle, based upon the views of program participants, including inmate-students, teachers, and administrators, directed at the history, development, and structure of the program. The specific research objectives of this investigation included the following: 1) Review of the existing literature describing schooling within prisons; 2) development of a research protocol; and 3) utilization of the developed protocol to conduct research on the development and structure of the college education program at OSP, including: a. a record of the overall effectiveness of the program and the degree to which it has been accepted, based upon the attitudes and feelings of past and present program participants, to include inmate-students, teachers, administrators, and volunteers, and b. a chronicle of the development and status of the college education program as perceived within the community in which it has been administered. These research objectives were achieved by application of a triangular methodology involving a review of appropriate literature, personal observations, and interviews with past and present staff members as well as student-inmates in the OSP college education programs. Thus it was concluded, subject to persistent communication problems that would seem to be inevitable when the principles of "academic freedom" are introduced into the closed and restrictive penitentiary environment, that the college education program at OSP has been successful in the view of inmate-students, education and prison staffs, and concerned institutional administrators. It may be foreseen that, as teachers presently employed at OSP quit or retire, all academic and vocational education at OSP, with the exception of baccalaureate programs, will in the future be contracted through existing community college programs. With the continued development of education programs within state penal institutions, communicative research should continue apace to minimize potential conflicts between the programs for the different types of programs offered. / Graduation date: 1993

For many resource-based communities throughout Oregon the timber industry plays an important role. In many of these areas, federal land holdings comprise a large proportion of the area's land holdings. Management decisions regarding resource use on the National Forest lands can have a major influence on the stability of local timber industries and on the communities of which they are a part. Input-output analysis has been used extensively to evaluate the importance of the timber industry to relatively small resource-dependent communities. In the past, the conventional input-output demand model has been used to assess the local impacts of changes in the availability of public timber resources. However, an analysis which interprets a change in primary resource supply as a change in final demand for the processing industry's output may incorrectly evaluate the impacts of shifts in primary resource supply on the local economy. The regional economic impacts resulting from a change in available primary inputs can be estimated more accurately using a modified approach to the conventional method of demand-pull analysis. Because of the network of forward linkages present within the regional economy, a change in primary inputs available to one sector may have a direct or indirect affect on all other sectors of the local economy. These supply-induced impacts on total sales can be calculated using an input-output supply model. The resulting change in total sales can be factored into two components--sales to local industries and sales to final demand. Regional impacts resulting from the first component can be calculated directly from the supply model. A modified version of the input-output demand model can be used to estimate the regional impacts associated with the supply-induced change in the value of local industry exports. This study identifies and evaluates the forward linkage structure present in small resource-based economies. The conventional input-output demand model is modified so that the local impacts of changes in primary resource supply can be evaluated vis-a-vis these structural relationships. A comparative economic impact analysis of three eastern Oregon counties is conducted using the modified input-output methodology. The results obtained using this procedure are compared to results obtained using the conventional method of analysis where changes in primary resource supply are extrapolated to reflect changes in final demand. In each county, estimates of regional impacts obtained using the modified input-output methodology differed from those calculated using the traditional form of analysis. The difference between the estimates was most significant in Morrow County where a relatively larger percentage of output in the wood products industry is sold locally. The demand-induced impacts in each county were considerably larger than the supply-induced changes. Although the initial shock to the system is supply-induced, the backward linkage structure plays a significant role in determining the overall impact of the stimulus on regional and sectoral output. The supply model is able to account for the direct and indirect impacts on regional sales transactions caused by a change in available primary inputs. The input-output demand model, by itself, is unable to account for these transactions. Because the modified input-output methodology provides a means by which changes in scarce primary factor supply can be apportioned into supply and demand related components, a better understanding of the regional economic impacts associated with changes in the availability of public timber can be obtained. / Graduation date: 1982

I examined habitat electivity and movement patterns of adult spring chinook salmon at microhabitat and channel unit spatial scales, and seasonal to annual temporal scales in seven streams in the Grande Ronde, John Day, and Imnaha basins. The objective was to compare habitat use and availability among streams, channel units, and microhabitats, and to assess chinook salmon fidelity to those habitats using radio-telemetry. The analyses showed that habitat quality and availability in the seven study streams varied. Each stream posed different physical constraints on adult chinook salmon habitat; this was reflected by the differential use of habitat by salmon among streams. Salmon elected pools almost exclusively in the John Day Basin, whereas pools and riffles were elected in near equal proportion in the Grande Ronde and Inmaha basins. Within streams, use was similar between years. Almost all salmon were observed in association with cover, but the type of cover largely reflected availablity. Chinook salmon elected the deepest depths within channel units (microhabitat scale), but not necessarily the deepest channel units among streams (channel unit scale). Chinook salmon did not elect cooler stream temperatures within channel units in any study stream, except the Middle Fork John Day River. Radio-tagged chinook showed a high fidelity to habitats, except when stream temperatures approached lethal limits. Due to stream specific differences in habitat availability and use, multiscale habitat assessments for individual streams are recommended to increase the success of watershed restoration activities. / Graduation date: 1999

Prevention of groundwater contamination by agricultural chemicals requires an understanding of the complex processes that control pesticide movement below the soil surface. Through this understanding it is possible to try to predict which areas may be most vulnerable to contamination. The many models that have been developed to characterize pesticide movement vary widely in their conceptual approach and degree of complexity. A soil properties model was developed in this thesis to determine the relative overall pesticide movement potential in Oregon agricultural soils. Its focus is ease of use in both acquisition of input values and running of the model. The model is based on soil properties important in controlling pesticide movement. It is a rating system model that uses scoring of factors and matrices to weigh the soil values. It is organized into two processes: leaching and sorption. The leaching potential is based on soil permeability and drainage class. The sorption potential is based on organic matter content and texture of the soil surface horizon(s). The interaction of these two processes results in the overall pesticide movement potential. / Graduation date: 1991

This research was conducted on three study areas on elk winter ranges in Northeast Oregon. One was on the Starkey Experimental Forest and Range and the others were in the same vicinity. Plant appendages, spring and fall defoliation and fall growth of bluebunch wheatgrass were evaluated in terms of quality of nutrient content during September through April of 1986-87 and 1987-88. Four treatments were applied. Plants were clipped to a 2.5 cm and 7.6 cm stubble height in the spring before the boot stage of phenological development; plants were clipped to a 7.6 cm stubble height in the fall after plant maturity in September; plants were not clipped during the year. Percent crude protein, dry matter digestibility (DMD), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and lignin were evaluated monthly. Samples from the four treatments were also analyzed from October to April to determine monthly changes in nutrient contents. Production of growth from all treatments was measured in October and March each year. Leaf material had higher percent crude protein and DMD, with lower percent ADF and lignin than the inflorescence and culm. The third leaf (the youngest plant material) had the highest nutrient value of all appendages. The culm and inflorescence values were not statistically different. Growth following spring defoliation treatments produced higher percent crude protein and DMD (P<.05), with a lower percent ADF and lignin than non-treated plants in both years. This was particularly pronounced during 1986 when precipitation in late summer initiated fall growth. Growth following spring defoliation and bluebunch wheatgrass not defoliated did not produce crude protein or DMD values sufficient to meet minimum dietary maintenance requirements for elk. Fall precipitation adequate to promote fall growth occurred only in 1986. Growth after fall defoliation had the highest percent crude protein and DMD with the lowest ADF and lignin values of all vegetation sampled. However, without 3-5 cm of late summer/early fall rains, fall growth does not occur. This happened in 1987. When growth does occur in fall the quality of the growth exceeds the minimum dietary maintenance requirements for elk. Freezing and thawing of fall growth plant material had minimal effect on forage quality. There were differences (P<.05) between the monthly values for percent crude protein and ADF starting in October and ending in April. However, the percent DMD and lignin from October to April were not different (P<.05). / Graduation date: 1993

A partially automated radio-tracking system with semi-continuous azimuth data collection and XYLOG5 and MAP computer programs for azimuth data analysis was used for studies of California quail (Callipepla californica) at the E.E. Wilson Wildlife Area, Oregon, in 1988 and 1989. Movements of 58 hens were monitored daily to determine nest locations and dates of incubation activities throughout 2 breeding seasons (May to mid-August). Locations for specified periods during the breeding season for nesting quail were used in 2 studies: 1) effect of methyl parathion application to home ranges; and 2) home ranges and habitats used. Foraging home ranges during the first one-half of incubation for 15 hens were treated with water (n = 8) or methyl parathion 4E (n = 7) at a rate of 0.56 kg a.i./ha. No significant measurable effects were found for rates of nesting success and recruitment to 15 days post-hatching between water and methyl parathion groups. A significantly lower hatching rate was found for the methyl parathion group wherein 71 of 103 (69%) eggs for control hens and 36 of 71 (51%) methyl parathion group hens hatched. No significant measurable effects were found for nest attentiveness from pre- to post-treatment period within groups and use of treated areas between groups. Home range sizes, nesting cover, and cover-type composition of home ranges were described for radio-tracked hens. During 4 periods of the breeding season, mean home range size ranged from 4 to 22 ha and was significantly smaller during incubation. Hens used roadsides, characterized by early seral stage vegetation, for nesting more frequently than expected in relation to availability, used cultivated fields less than expected, and did not use road surfaces, buildings, and foundations. Nest sites had significantly more bareground and less grass, shrub, and vertical cover than random sites and also were located in early successional vegetation. Ability to collect azimuth data and precisely analyze locations and home ranges for hens within a 6-hour period daily throughout the 2 field seasons were advantages of the radio-tracking system. Small sample size largely because of transmitter failures, potential for system overload, expenses incurred to employ personnel, and subjectiveness of collected azimuth data were disadvantages of the system. Efforts to advance radio-tracking technology should focus upon development of remote antennas, which are computer-controlled to collect and relay azimuth data to a central station. / Graduation date: 1991

Durum wheat cultivars for North-Eastern Oregon have to be competitive in terms of their yield potential with soft white winter wheat cultivars and meet strict quality requirements of the milling industry. Combining the high yield potential of fall planted durum wheat cultivars which have an acceptable level of winter hardiness with the good quality characteristics of the spring types through winter by spring crosses is believed to be an appropriate strategy. However, to be efficient, quality traits of the breeding lines and the nature of their inheritance must be evaluated early in the breeding process. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the nature of genetic variability involving two main quality traits, namely gluten strength and carotenoid pigment content. These traits are measured by the SDS sedimentation test and by spectrophotometric analysis of pigment extracts, respectively. Total genetic variability involving grain yield, kernel weight and protein content was also studied. Combining ability analysis of a 4x4 diallel cross using two winter and two spring parents was performed according to Griffing's (1956) Model 1, method 1. Both additive and non additive type gene action controlled all traits studied. Non additive type gene action was particularly important for grain yield and kernel weight suggesting that selection for these traits should be delayed until later generations (F5 or F6). Protein and pigment content were controlled primarily by genes functioning in an additive manner although they are also influenced by significant non additive type gene action. Reciprocal effects were significant for pigment content suggesting that some maternal effect might be involved. The predominance of additive type gene action for sedimentation volume suggests that this trait can be used to screen early generation material (F2, F3) for gluten strength. F2 populations generated from the diallel cross were compared in terms of their genetic variances, potential transgressive segregation and were used to investigate the possible associations between the traits measured. Winter by spring crosses were usually characterized by an enhanced genetic variability for yield and gluten strength. Transgressive segregation for sedimentation volume was present in these crosses. Protein content was negatively associated with grain yield. No relationship between gluten strength and grain yield was observed. Gluten strength did not appear to be associated with total protein content of the grain. Sedimentation volume varied greatly, even in populations with low variability in protein content. Consequently, selection on the basis of sedimentation volume per se would not be result in selecting inadvertently agronomically unsuitable types. / Graduation date: 1991

Graduation date: 1950