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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The role of integrins in the activation of fibroblasts from skin, lung and breast tissue

Khan, Zareen A. January 2017 (has links)
Fibroblasts are abundant mesenchymal cells present in all tissues in a quiescent state, which contribute to wound healing when activated. Cytokine transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) stimulates fibroblast-myofibroblast differentiation, which induces extracellular matrix secretion, tissue contraction and promotes cancer cell migration. Hence, chronic activity of stromal myofibroblasts correlates with a poor prognosis for cancer and organ fibrosis patients. Therefore, modulating myofibroblast activity may reduce the severity of these diseases. Previous research suggests blockade of transmembrane integrin receptors expressed by fibroblasts prevents TGF-β1- induced differentiation, indicating integrins are attractive therapeutic targets. However, fibroblasts derived from different organs exhibit heterogeneity, although their integrin expression and integrin-regulated differentiation has not been directly compared. The aim of my research was 1) to understand and compare how integrins regulate TGF-β1-induced activation of fibroblasts derived from normal skin, lung and breast tissue; 2) to examine the global gene expression of TGF-β1-treated lung fibroblasts; 3) to identify novel therapeutic targets that modulate TGF-β1-induced activation of lung fibroblasts using a drug library. qPCR showed skin, lung and breast fibroblasts differentially expressed TGF-β1- induced activation markers, including ACTA2, FN1, TIMP3, CTGF and SERPINE1, in addition to integrin genes for α1, α4, α11 and β3. Small-molecule inhibitors of αv integrins only reduced the invasion of TGF-β1-exposed skin fibroblasts, but not lung or breast fibroblasts. siRNA against α11, β3 and β5 decreased TGF-β1-induced collagen contraction and activation marker expression in skin and lung fibroblasts, while α1 siRNA prevented collagen contraction by breast fibroblasts only. RNA sequencing of TGF-β1-treated lung fibroblasts revealed pro-inflammatory and profibrotic pathways were significantly enriched, while screening TGF-β1-treated lung fibroblasts with a FDA-approved drug library identified 46 hits that significantly reduced α-smooth muscle actin and fibronectin expression. Overall, genes are differentially expressed in TGF-β1-treated skin, lung and breast fibroblasts, while different integrins in each fibroblast appear to regulate invasion, TGF-β1-induced collagen contraction and gene expression. RNA sequencing revealed TGF-β1 promotes the expression of a pro-tumour signature in lung fibroblasts and several novel therapeutic targets that modulate the activation of lung fibroblasts have been identified. Understanding these integrin-dependent and independent mechanisms will facilitate the generation of myofibroblast-targeted treatments for cancer and organ fibrosis.
2

Deciphering the role of the mononuclear phagocyte system in post-transplant airway fibrosis

Di Campli, Maria Pia 10 September 2020 (has links) (PDF)
Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), a form of chronic lung allograft dysfunction, represents a major cause of mortality after lung transplantation. This disease is associated with a progressive fibro-obliteration of small airways (known as obliterative bronchiolitis) which leads to respiratory impairment and graft failure. The mechanisms behind airway occlusion remain unclear, and no curative treatment is available at the moment. Myofibroblasts are considered central effectors in this fibrotic process, but their origin is controversial. They can arise either from donor cells (resident fibroblasts and epithelial cells) or recipient cells (bone marrow-derived cells).The purpose of this project was to identify the precursors of mesenchymal cells responsible for post-transplant airway fibro-obliteration. Lineage-tracing tools were used to track or deplete potential sources of myofibroblasts in the heterotopic tracheal transplantation model, which produces a surrogate of obliterans bronchiolitis. Confocal analysis showed that myofibroblasts in the allografts were mostly recipient-derived, even though immunosuppression with tacrolimus induced a mild increase of donor-derived myofibroblasts. Occasional epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition was detected, but only in tacrolimus-treated recipients. On the other hand, fate-mapping techniques demonstrated that myeloid cells gave rise to the majority of mesenchymal cells in occluded airways. Accordingly, specific ablation of Cx3cR1+ mononuclear phagocytes significantly decreased allografts fibrosis. In parallel, single-cell RNA-sequencing unveiled surprising similarities between myeloid-derived cells (i.e. fibrocytes and macrophages) from the allografts and both murine and human samples of pulmonary fibrosis. Finally, analysis of BOS lesions from transplanted patients allowed us to translate our results to a clinical level. Indeed, confocal microscopy revealed that myofibroblasts expressing the macrophage marker CD68 were increased in BOS explants when compared to controls, and their numbers seemed correlated with the intensity of fibrosis.Collectively, these findings indicate that recipient mononuclear phagocyte system constitutes a clinically relevant source of mesenchymal cells infiltrating the airways after allogeneic transplantation. Therefore, therapies targeting migration and differentiation of mononuclear phagocytes and fibrocytes could prevent fibrotic remodelling of small airways and improve long-term outcomes after lung transplantation. / La bronchiolite oblitérante (bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, BOS), une forme de dysfonction chronique du greffon, représente une des majeures causes de mortalité après transplantation pulmonaire. Cette pathologie est associée à une oblitération progressive et irréversible des petites voies aériennes par de la fibrose, qui mène à une perte de fonction respiratoire jusqu’à la défaillance du greffon. Les mécanismes impliqués dans la fibroproliferation ne sont pas encore bien compris, et il n’existe pas de traitement efficace de la BOS à l’heure actuelle. Les myofibroblastes joueraient un rôle majeur dans le développement de la fibrose, mais leur origine reste controversée. Ils pourraient dériver des cellules du donneur (fibroblastes in situ ou cellules épithéliales) ou bien du receveur (à partir de la moelle osseuse). L’objectif de cette étude était d’identifier les précurseurs des cellules mésenchymateuses responsables de l’obstruction des voies aériennes après transplantation allogénique. Nous avons utilisé des techniques de lineage tracing pour identifier les sources potentielles de myofibroblastes dans un modèle de transplantation hétérotopique de trachée, lequel permet d’obtenir une maladie fibro-oblitérante du greffon qui simule histologiquement la bronchiolite oblitérante. Les analyses par microscopie confocale ont montré que les cellules du receveur constituent la source principale de myofibroblastes dans les allogreffons, malgré une faible augmentation de la proportion de cellules mésenchymateuses dérivées du donneur lors du traitement immunosuppresseur. En plus, une minime fraction de myofibroblastes d’origine épithéliales a également été détectée, mais seulement dans les greffons traités par tacrolimus. D’autre part, nous avons établi que la lignée myéloïde produit la plupart des cellules mésenchymateuses détectés dans les voies aériennes oblitérées. Par ailleurs, la délétion spécifique de phagocytes mononucléaires Cx3cR1+ était associée avec une diminution significative du nombre de myofibroblastes et de la fibrose endoluminale dans les allogreffons. En parallèle, l’utilisation des techniques de séquençage en single cell a permis de révéler des ressemblances inattendues entre des populations de cellules d’origine myéloïdes (macrophages et fibrocytes) retrouvés dans les greffons et celles impliqués dans le développement de la fibrose pulmonaire chez l’homme et la souris. In fine, l’analyse par microscopie confocale des lésions pulmonaires de patients atteints de BOS nous a permis de transposer en clinique nos résultats expérimentaux. En effet, nous avons observé que la fraction de myofibroblastes positifs pour le CD68, un marqueur typiquement exprimé par les macrophages, était significativement augmentée dans les greffons avec bronchiolite oblitérante par rapport aux contrôles. De plus, leur nombre était corrélé avec la sévérité de la fibrose. L’ensemble de ces résultats indique que le système phagocytaire mononuclée constitue une source significative de cellules mésenchymateuses et contribue à la fibro-oblitération des voies aériennes après transplantation. L’utilisation de thérapies ciblant la migration et la différenciation des phagocytes mononuclées et des fibrocytes pourrait bloquer la destruction du greffon pulmonaire et améliorer la survie à long terme des patients transplantés. / Doctorat en Sciences médicales (Médecine) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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