Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:30:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Suzana_Gotardo_Meira.pdf: 8400868 bytes, checksum: f5a20748dd8c58fd10206b2028e78111 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The environmental impacts caused by the industrialization of Agriculture is an argument to question the package, based on the domination of all life through economic and instrumental rationality. The Agroecology and organic agriculture, among other forms of alternatives to conventional agriculture, arises from the crisis of modernity. To carry out studies on these forms of production in some municipalities in the Southwest of Paraná, we realize discussions around this issue. The cities selected for this research were Itapejara d´Oeste, Salto do Lontra e Verê (PR), because they have some history with Agroecology and organic agriculture. So, we were able to make progress in discussions on the subject, proposing a typology to differentiate rural establishments who practice organic agriculture, those based on principles of Agroecology and apply this typology with farmers in the three municipalities. We also perform a geographical approach to the subject, seeking to seize rhythms, temporalities, territorialities and intentionality that characterize the Agroecology and organic agriculture developed in the cities surveyed. To achieve these objectives, the methodology consisted of bibliographic surveys of authors that discuss the concept of organic agriculture and Agroecology, and try to identificate internationalities and territorialities in a specific empirical reality. We conducted interviews starting from a pre-established screenplay, with farmers and representatives of partner institutions of the organic and agro-ecological production in Itapejara d´Oeste, Salto do Lontra and Verê (PR). Farmers who practice organic agriculture and Agroecology are entered into multiple territories, resulting from the coexistence of overlapping and their material and immaterial territorialities of different temporalities, which in turn are conditioned by the intentionality of these farmers and other social subjects. In this way, these farmers print their actions through time and territorialize the space where they live, creating and transforming their territorialities and temporalities. / Os impactos ambientais ocasionados pela industrialização da agricultura colocam em questão o pacote modernizador, baseado na dominação de todas as formas de vida por meio da racionalidade econômica e instrumental. A Agroecologia e a agricultura orgânica, entre várias outras formas de alternativas ao modelo convencional de agricultura, surgem do cenário de crise da modernidade. Ao realizarmos estudos sobre estas formas de produção em alguns municípios do Sudoeste do Paraná, percebemos que as discussões em torno desta temática carecem ainda de um maior aprofundamento. Os municípios selecionados para esta pesquisa foram Itapejara d´Oeste, Salto do Lontra e Verê (PR), pois já possuem uma trajetória com a Agroecologia e a agricultura orgânica. Assim, tivemos condições de avançar nas discussões sobre a temática, propondo uma tipologia para diferenciar estabelecimentos rurais que praticam a agricultura orgânica, daqueles mais próximos aos ideários da Agroecologia e assim, aplicar essa tipologia com os agricultores dos três municípios. Também realizamos uma abordagem geográfica do assunto, buscando apreender ritmos, temporalidades, territorialidades e intencionalidades que caracterizam a Agroecologia e a agricultura orgânica desenvolvida nos municípios pesquisados. Para atingirmos estes objetivos, a metodologia consistiu em levantamentos bibliográficos de autores que abordam o conceito de agricultura orgânica e de Agroecologia, temporalidades, territorialidades e intencionalidades, e em sua aplicação em uma realidade empírica específica. Para tanto, realizamos entrevistas com um roteiro pré-estabelecido, com agricultores e representantes de instituições parceiras da produção orgânica e agroecológica de Itapejara d´Oeste, Salto do Lontra e Verê (PR). Os agricultores que praticam a agricultura orgânica e a Agroecologia estão inseridos em múltiplos territórios, decorrentes da sobreposição e coexistência de suas territorialidades materiais e imateriais e de diferentes temporalidades, que por sua vez, são condicionadas pelas intencionalidades desses agricultores, bem como de outros sujeitos sociais. Dessa forma, esses agricultores imprimem suas ações através do tempo e territorializam o espaço onde vivem, criando e transformando suas territorialidades e temporalidades.

Nas últimas duas décadas a produção de alimentos utilizando menos insumos sintéticos tem atraído a atenção em muitos campos, como indústria e pesquisa. Esta forma de produção é conhecida como agricultura orgânica e enaltece a ausência de produtos químicos industrializados no sistema produtivo agropecuário. Uma prática útil e de baixo custo é o emprego de biofertilizantes, principalmente pelo fato da crescente procura por tecnologias de produção que apresentem redução de custos e uma melhora na qualidade de vida. Esses fatos, contudo, têm incentivado pesquisadores e produtores rurais a experimentarem biofertilizantes preparados a partir da digestão aeróbia ou anaeróbia de materiais orgânicos em substituição aos fertilizantes minerais. Biofertilizante é a designação dada ao efluente líquido obtido da fermentação aeróbia ou anaeróbia da matéria orgânica e água, cujo produto final contém células vivas ou latentes de microrganismos. Assim, neste trabalho, os biofertilizantes foram preparados a partir dos resíduos orgânicos em quatro misturas (esterco bovino + bagaço de laranja (M1); cama de frango + bagaço de laranja (M2); esterco bovino + cama de frango (M3) e esterco bovino + cama de frango + bagaço de laranja (M4), que foram caracterizados em diversas etapas quanto à acidez, condutividade elétrica, concentração de macro e micronutrientes, teor de matéria orgânica e de substâncias húmicas, atributos de qualidade sanitária (coliformes termotolerantes, totais e E. colli) dentre outros e foi testado o potencial agronômico de biofertilizantes associados ao sistema convencional de manejo e a técnica do cultivo hidropônico, com o objetivo de contribuir para o menor consumo de reservas naturais de nutrientes do planeta. Os resultados mostraram que a mistura M3 produziu o melhor biofertilizante por obter os melhores resultados biométricos quando aplicado à cultura, demonstrando que foi possível a produção de um bom biofertilizante em relação ao potencial agronômico. / In the last two decades, there has been a worldwide trend in producing food using less synthetic inputs. This form of production is known as organic agriculture and it praises the absence of industrialized chemicals in the agricultural production system. A useful and low-cost practice is the use of biofertilizers, mainly due to the growing demand for production technologies that reduce costs and provide a better quality of life. However, those facts have encouraged researchers and farmers to experiment biofertilizers prepared from aerobic or anaerobic digestion of organic materials instead of mineral fertilizers. Biofertilizer is the name given to the liquid effluent obtained from aerobic or anaerobic fermentation of organic material and water, and the final product contains live cells or latent microorganisms. In this work, the biofertilizers were prepared from the organic residues in four mixtures (cow manure + orange bagasse (M1), poultry + orange bagasse (M2), cow manure + poultry (M3) and cow manure + poultry + orange bagasse (M4)), which were characterized in several stages regarding acidity, electrical conductivity, concentration of macro and micronutrients, organic material and humic substances content, antibacterial activity (thermotolerant coliforms, total and e-coli) among others, to test the agronomic potential of biofertilizers associated with the conventional management system and the hydroponic cultivation technique, in order to contribute to a lower consumption of natural nutrients reserves from the planet. The results showed that the mixture M3 produced the best biofertilizer, because of the biometric results when it was applied to the crop, demonstrating to be a successful biofertilizer in terms of agronomic potential.

The rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea, (Homoptera: Aphididae) is a serious pest of apples in British Columbia (BC), Canada and especially in organic orchards where conventional controls cannot be used. The goals of this study were to determine the environmental or management factors of an orchard that lead to high aphid populations, to conduct an economic assessment of the damage, to determine the timing of autumn migration, and to test several autumn and spring chemical control methods and two novel autumn mechanical control methods targeting the aphids while on their alternate host, Plantago major. To explain the variation among orchards, I evaluated several potential correlates of aphid density: abundance of the alternate host (plantain, Plantago major), foliar tree nitrogen, tree age, tree planting density, and the application of an oil treatment in spring. Stepwise regression indicated that foliar nitrogen and tree age explain 27% of the variation. Orchards receiving a spring oil application had a 53% lower average aphid infestation level. Plantain abundance was not related to aphid population on apple. However, experimental manipulation of leaf angle from the ground and size showed that significantly more alate and apterous aphids occurred on large, low angle leaves. Mowing prior to spring aphid migration was associated with 75% fewer alatae and apterae on the plantain. The loss in harvest resulting from aphid damage ranged from 3% to 76% of the crop. Effective autumn control depends on accurate timing of aphid flight. The peak of female flight occurred on the 27th of September, 2007 at 11:56 hours daylength (sunrise to sunset) and the peak of male flight occurred on the12th of October, 2007 at 11:02 hours daylength. Aphid densities in the spring of 2008 were very low, making comparisons between treatments and controls difficult. Autumn applications of Superior dormant oil and kaolin clay were not effective. The PureSpray Green treatments of two October applications and one April application showed a significant reduction in rosy apple aphid infested clusters compared with the untreated control. Mowing and rotavating did not result in a significant reduction in aphid infestation level.

The rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea, (Homoptera: Aphididae) is a serious pest of apples in British Columbia (BC), Canada and especially in organic orchards where conventional controls cannot be used. The goals of this study were to determine the environmental or management factors of an orchard that lead to high aphid populations, to conduct an economic assessment of the damage, to determine the timing of autumn migration, and to test several autumn and spring chemical control methods and two novel autumn mechanical control methods targeting the aphids while on their alternate host, Plantago major. To explain the variation among orchards, I evaluated several potential correlates of aphid density: abundance of the alternate host (plantain, Plantago major), foliar tree nitrogen, tree age, tree planting density, and the application of an oil treatment in spring. Stepwise regression indicated that foliar nitrogen and tree age explain 27% of the variation. Orchards receiving a spring oil application had a 53% lower average aphid infestation level. Plantain abundance was not related to aphid population on apple. However, experimental manipulation of leaf angle from the ground and size showed that significantly more alate and apterous aphids occurred on large, low angle leaves. Mowing prior to spring aphid migration was associated with 75% fewer alatae and apterae on the plantain. The loss in harvest resulting from aphid damage ranged from 3% to 76% of the crop. Effective autumn control depends on accurate timing of aphid flight. The peak of female flight occurred on the 27th of September, 2007 at 11:56 hours daylength (sunrise to sunset) and the peak of male flight occurred on the12th of October, 2007 at 11:02 hours daylength. Aphid densities in the spring of 2008 were very low, making comparisons between treatments and controls difficult. Autumn applications of Superior dormant oil and kaolin clay were not effective. The PureSpray Green treatments of two October applications and one April application showed a significant reduction in rosy apple aphid infested clusters compared with the untreated control. Mowing and rotavating did not result in a significant reduction in aphid infestation level.

Over the past several decades, food systems around the world have come to be increasingly dominated by a ‘conventional’ model, wherein production is heavily dependent on industrially-produced external inputs, and trade characterized by a globalized free market. However, alternatives to this model – that seek to challenge its hegemonic status and address its environmental, social, and economic shortcomings – are continuously emerging. While some of these alternatives are narrower in scope, others attempt more transformative change. One example of the latter category is the Red Mexicana de Tianguis y Mercados Orgánicos (Mexican Network of Local Organic Markets), which strives to move beyond the boundaries of the mainstream organic and local food sectors, instead adopting the more holistic discourse of the food sovereignty movement. The process of translating this discourse into practice remains a work in progress. Significant achievements have been made on a number of fronts, most notably: new market opportunities have been opened for small-scale, ecological producers; attitudes and behaviours regarding both production and consumption have been shifted, and; new institutions – that help enable and reinforce new values and behaviours – have begun to be constructed. Unsurprisingly, challenges exist as well. These include: significant reliance on donated resources; continued dependence on a relatively small group of leaders; the relative fragility of newly emerging institutions, and; a pervasive pessimism regarding the ability to scale up change within a context of political institutions perceived as corrupt, and beholden to agri-business influence. Although such challenges do constrain, to an extent, the efficacy of the organization, they do not by any means diminish the powerful impact of its work to demonstrate that alternative agri-food visions are possible. / Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, International Development Research Centre

Calendula officinalis is a useful model crop because calendula flowers are used both ornamentally and medicinally. Organic production systems have many challenges; among these is the synchrony of nitrogen mineralization with the requirements of the crop. Organic greenhouse substrates have significantly different initial nitrogen levels which influence the performance of calendula, the highest initial N and plant performance was found in the organic compost peat substrate (OCP). The addition of supplemental nitrogen improved performance, but only OCP performed as well as the conventionally fertilized peat-based substrate. The nitrogen mineralization patterns in a soil-based greenhouse pot experiment showed that highly processed amendments supplied the highest levels of nitrogen, and that these amendments showed greater vegetative growth when soil was amended with a high-input amendment, but flower production was reduced. There was no observed influence of water stress on nitrogen mineralization, but flowers from water stressed plants had approximately 50% higher concentrations of secondary compounds than non-stressed flowers. Nitrogen mineralization in organic production systems is difficult to predict, but highly influences plant productivity and performance.

The phenomenon of organic agriculture in the Mid North of South Australia is explored in seven case studies of local organic producers. The research issue asks how these organic producers organise to survive in a marketplace where they remain marginal players. The research is framed around Sonnino and Marsden's (2006) two-dimensional model of alternative agriculture, which structures the case study analysis at two levels: a horizontal dimension concerning farmer agency and grassroots innovations, and a vertical dimension focusing on farmer interaction with regulatory and governance frameworks in organic agriculture. To enrich understanding of farmer practices at the grassroots level, two additions are made to the horizontal dimension: the role that beliefs play in determining agency and innovation in motivating farmers to 'go organic' and 'stay organic' and how alternative beliefs, particularly about nature and localism, influence the construction by organic farmers of 'new platforms of action' (Sonnino and Marsden 2006), essential for survival in the marketplace. / PhD Doctorate

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2005. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Alnarp : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.