The Electrochemical Noise Method (ENM) monitors the small potential and current fluctuations that occur naturally in electrochemical cells. It is the least intrusive of all electrochemical techniques in common use. This work uses the Electrochemical Noise Method to investigate the corrosion protection afforded by organic coatings. A parameter called Noise Resistance (Rn) is derived from an Ohm law relationship using the potential noise (Vn) and current noise (In) values. The noise on the current and potential data sets is calculated as the standard deviation value. The work is divided into three areas. The first looked at coating systems in the intact state on the substrate. In general this part of the work has corroborated previous work where Rn values of >l x 10^7 ohms-cm^2 indicated protection of the substrate, correlating with DC resistance values of the coating. The second area of work investigated scribed coatings on the substrate. An important property of organic anti-corrosive coatings is the ability to protect the substrate at a break in the coating. In the scribed work the level of protection afforded at exposed metal by the coating was related to the Noise Resistance value. The third area of this investigation looked at novel ENM techniques to investigate organic coatings. Detached intact coatings were examined in a “U” tube test cell that can be used to simulate different conditions that may be encountered in service. Also a new technique was devised for obtaining ENM data from corrosion cells, this does not require the two separate substrate elements necessary for the more established methodology. The new technique has been called the Single Substrate (SS) technique to reflect this useful property. The technique could be used for in-situ monitoring of structures and it could be adapted for investigation of other situations such as reinforcement bars in concrete

No description available.

To enable improvements in the development of anti-corrosive coatings quick methods of evaluation are required and several are available which are both qualitative and quantitative. This investigation reviews both types of method, the first in the form of traditional salt spray exposure and the second in the form of electrochemical techniques. The emphasis in the experimental work reported here is on the Electrochemical Noise Measurement (ENM). ENM has been used to monitor coatings under immersion conditions, the aim being to assist a paint company develop a set of more environmentally friendly coatings. The immersion test has also incorporated a temperature cycle which proved effective at separating ‘good’ coatings within a short timeframe. Results showed good correlation between ENM and salt spray testing. Work is also reported which was done with the aim of making the ENM method more practically useful. The standard configuration (‘Bridge’) requires two separate specimens which is unattractive for site work. The Single Substrate (SS) arrangement was developed to get around this problem but this still requires the metal to be connected to the measuring instrument. This is avoided in the most recent development which needs No Connection to Substrate (NOCS). Results are given for immersed samples monitored using the ENM NOCS arrangement and compared with the standard ‘Bridge’ method and DC resistance. Results are also presented using sets of different electrodes (platinum, calomel and silver/silver chloride). This preliminary work has shown that the NOCS method holds great promise. In the laboratory Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is also commonly employed to assess the performance of anti-corrosive coatings. Concluding this work a comparison of the ENM and EIS techniques was undertaken on a set of laboratory samples. Results showed that both methods had the ability to rank the performance of coatings. However ENM’s advantages (as outlined above) were confirmed

No description available.

No description available.

A proteção de materiais com alto valor agregado contra as intempéries é de grande importância tecnológica e econômica. Atualmente, a principal defesa diante do desgaste natural destes materiais é o revestimento, seja inorgânico, orgânico ou metálico. Um revestimento pode atuar de diversas formas para proteger o material em questão, atuando como barreira física, metal de sacrifício ou proteção anódica. O desenvolvimento de revestimentos protetores de alta durabilidade e baixo custo é de suma importância para o crescimento da indústria e das cidades em todo o mundo. Diante disso, este trabalho estuda a degradação de quatro revestimentos orgânicos comerciais, de diferentes composições químicas e propriedades físicas, com o objetivo de interpretar os fenômenos que ocorrem durante os ensaios e investigar as falhas apresentadas ao longo do tempo. As análises foram realizadas com uma tinta epóxi branca, uma tinta poliuretânica branca, uma tinta alquídica branca e um verniz acrílico. Cada um dos revestimentos estudados possui um mecanismo diferente de formação do filme sobre o substrato escolhido, aço carbono, e, portanto, possui características individuais específicas. A degradação dos filmes orgânicos foi realizada com a exposição dos corpos de prova à radiação ultravioleta (UV), de forma natural e acelerada, a fim também de avaliar diferenças e o comportamento destes revestimentos As amostras em exposição natural permaneceram durante um ano em contato com radiações solares, umidade, chuva e variações de temperatura. Já as amostras em exposição acelerada foram ensaiadas em uma câmara de intempéries aceleradas de UV por até 2000 horas. A degradação dos filmes foi acompanhada durante todos os ensaios e analisada por diferentes técnicas de caracterização, tais como: DSC, FTIR, MEV, EDS, FRX, microscopia óptica, espectrofotometria de cor; ensaios mecânicos de impacto, flexibilidade, aderência, rugosidade, além de medições periódicas de espessura. Paralelamente, exposições prolongadas em câmara úmida e névoa salina foram realizadas como parâmetro de comparação. Os resultados demonstram que a tinta poliuretânica sofre menores variações de cor e brilho, após os ensaios de degradação e que o verniz acrílico é o mais afetado na maioria dos casos. A tinta alquídica sofreu alterações significativas em névoa salina, entretanto, teve melhoras em suas propriedades mecânicas após as exposições ao UV. Quanto à comparação entre o ensaio de degradação natural e o artificial, conclui-se que cada ensaio interfere de diferentes maneiras nas propriedades dos revestimentos. / The protection of materials with high added value against the weather has great technological and economic significance. Currently, the main defense against the natural wear of these materials is the coating, whether inorganic, organic or metallic. A coating can act in various ways to protect the material in question, acting as a physical barrier, sacrificial metal or anodic protection. The development of protective coatings of high durability and low cost is very important for the growth of industry and cities around the world. Therefore, in this work are studied the degradation of four organic coatings, with different chemical compositions and physical properties, in order to interpret the phenomena that occur during the tests and to investigate the failures presented over time. The analyses were performed with a white epoxy paint, a white polyurethane paint, a white alkyd paint and an acrylic lacquer. Each one of the studied coatings has a different mechanism of film formation on the chosen substrate, carbon steel, and therefore has specific individual characteristics. The degradation of the organic films was carried out by exposing the specimens to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, in a natural and accelerated way, in order to clarify their differences and establish comparisons. The samples in natural exposure remained for a year outside, in contact with solar radiation, humidity, rainfall and temperature variations The accelerated exposure samples were tested in a chamber of accelerated UV for up to 2000 hours. The films degradation were monitored during all the tests and analysed by different characterization techniques, such as: DSC, FTIR, SEM, EDS, FRX, optical microscopy, color spectrophotometry; mechanical impact tests, flexibility, adhesion, roughness, in addition to periodic thickness measurements. At the same time, prolonged exposures in humidity chamber and salt spray were performed as a parameter of comparison. The results demonstrate that the polyurethane paint undergoes smaller variations of its properties after the tests and that the acrylic varnish is the most affected in most cases. About the comparison between the natural and the artificial degradation test, it is concluded that each test interferes in different ways in the properties of the coatings.

This thesis focuses on the volatile and hygroscopic properties of mixed aerosol species. In particular, the influence organic species of varying solubility have upon seed aerosols. Aerosol studies were conducted at the Paul Scherrer Institut Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry (PSI-LAC, Villigen, Switzerland) and at the Queensland University of Technology International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (QUT-ILAQH, Brisbane, Australia). The primary measurement tool employed in this program was the Volatilisation and Hygroscopicity Tandem Differential Mobility Analyser (VHTDMA - Johnson et al. 2004). This system was initially developed at QUT within the ILAQH and was completely re-developed as part of this project (see Section 1.4 for a description of this process). The new VHTDMA was deployed to the PSI-LAC where an analysis of the volatile and hygroscopic properties of ammonium sulphate seeds coated with organic species formed from the photo-oxidation of á-pinene was conducted. This investigation was driven by a desire to understand the influence of atmospherically prevalent organics upon water uptake by material with cloud forming capabilities. Of particular note from this campaign were observed influences of partially soluble organic coatings upon inorganic ammonium sulphate seeds above and below their deliquescence relative humidity (DRH). Above the DRH of the seed increasing the volume fraction of the organic component was shown to reduce the water uptake of the mixed particle. Below the DRH the organic was shown to activate the water uptake of the seed. This was the first time this effect had been observed for á-pinene derived SOA. In contrast with the simulated aerosols generated at the PSI-LAC a case study of the volatile and hygroscopic properties of diesel emissions was undertaken. During this stage of the project ternary nucleation was shown, for the first time, to be one of the processes involved in formation of diesel particulate matter. Furthermore, these particles were shown to be coated with a volatile hydrophobic material which prevented the water uptake of the highly hygroscopic material below. This result was a first and indicated that previous studies into the hygroscopicity of diesel emission had erroneously reported the particles to be hydrophobic. Both of these results contradict the previously upheld Zdanovksii-Stokes-Robinson (ZSR) additive rule for water uptake by mixed species. This is an important contribution as it adds to the weight of evidence that limits the validity of this rule.

A proteção de materiais com alto valor agregado contra as intempéries é de grande importância tecnológica e econômica. Atualmente, a principal defesa diante do desgaste natural destes materiais é o revestimento, seja inorgânico, orgânico ou metálico. Um revestimento pode atuar de diversas formas para proteger o material em questão, atuando como barreira física, metal de sacrifício ou proteção anódica. O desenvolvimento de revestimentos protetores de alta durabilidade e baixo custo é de suma importância para o crescimento da indústria e das cidades em todo o mundo. Diante disso, este trabalho estuda a degradação de quatro revestimentos orgânicos comerciais, de diferentes composições químicas e propriedades físicas, com o objetivo de interpretar os fenômenos que ocorrem durante os ensaios e investigar as falhas apresentadas ao longo do tempo. As análises foram realizadas com uma tinta epóxi branca, uma tinta poliuretânica branca, uma tinta alquídica branca e um verniz acrílico. Cada um dos revestimentos estudados possui um mecanismo diferente de formação do filme sobre o substrato escolhido, aço carbono, e, portanto, possui características individuais específicas. A degradação dos filmes orgânicos foi realizada com a exposição dos corpos de prova à radiação ultravioleta (UV), de forma natural e acelerada, a fim também de avaliar diferenças e o comportamento destes revestimentos As amostras em exposição natural permaneceram durante um ano em contato com radiações solares, umidade, chuva e variações de temperatura. Já as amostras em exposição acelerada foram ensaiadas em uma câmara de intempéries aceleradas de UV por até 2000 horas. A degradação dos filmes foi acompanhada durante todos os ensaios e analisada por diferentes técnicas de caracterização, tais como: DSC, FTIR, MEV, EDS, FRX, microscopia óptica, espectrofotometria de cor; ensaios mecânicos de impacto, flexibilidade, aderência, rugosidade, além de medições periódicas de espessura. Paralelamente, exposições prolongadas em câmara úmida e névoa salina foram realizadas como parâmetro de comparação. Os resultados demonstram que a tinta poliuretânica sofre menores variações de cor e brilho, após os ensaios de degradação e que o verniz acrílico é o mais afetado na maioria dos casos. A tinta alquídica sofreu alterações significativas em névoa salina, entretanto, teve melhoras em suas propriedades mecânicas após as exposições ao UV. Quanto à comparação entre o ensaio de degradação natural e o artificial, conclui-se que cada ensaio interfere de diferentes maneiras nas propriedades dos revestimentos. / The protection of materials with high added value against the weather has great technological and economic significance. Currently, the main defense against the natural wear of these materials is the coating, whether inorganic, organic or metallic. A coating can act in various ways to protect the material in question, acting as a physical barrier, sacrificial metal or anodic protection. The development of protective coatings of high durability and low cost is very important for the growth of industry and cities around the world. Therefore, in this work are studied the degradation of four organic coatings, with different chemical compositions and physical properties, in order to interpret the phenomena that occur during the tests and to investigate the failures presented over time. The analyses were performed with a white epoxy paint, a white polyurethane paint, a white alkyd paint and an acrylic lacquer. Each one of the studied coatings has a different mechanism of film formation on the chosen substrate, carbon steel, and therefore has specific individual characteristics. The degradation of the organic films was carried out by exposing the specimens to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, in a natural and accelerated way, in order to clarify their differences and establish comparisons. The samples in natural exposure remained for a year outside, in contact with solar radiation, humidity, rainfall and temperature variations The accelerated exposure samples were tested in a chamber of accelerated UV for up to 2000 hours. The films degradation were monitored during all the tests and analysed by different characterization techniques, such as: DSC, FTIR, SEM, EDS, FRX, optical microscopy, color spectrophotometry; mechanical impact tests, flexibility, adhesion, roughness, in addition to periodic thickness measurements. At the same time, prolonged exposures in humidity chamber and salt spray were performed as a parameter of comparison. The results demonstrate that the polyurethane paint undergoes smaller variations of its properties after the tests and that the acrylic varnish is the most affected in most cases. About the comparison between the natural and the artificial degradation test, it is concluded that each test interferes in different ways in the properties of the coatings.

A proteção de materiais com alto valor agregado contra as intempéries é de grande importância tecnológica e econômica. Atualmente, a principal defesa diante do desgaste natural destes materiais é o revestimento, seja inorgânico, orgânico ou metálico. Um revestimento pode atuar de diversas formas para proteger o material em questão, atuando como barreira física, metal de sacrifício ou proteção anódica. O desenvolvimento de revestimentos protetores de alta durabilidade e baixo custo é de suma importância para o crescimento da indústria e das cidades em todo o mundo. Diante disso, este trabalho estuda a degradação de quatro revestimentos orgânicos comerciais, de diferentes composições químicas e propriedades físicas, com o objetivo de interpretar os fenômenos que ocorrem durante os ensaios e investigar as falhas apresentadas ao longo do tempo. As análises foram realizadas com uma tinta epóxi branca, uma tinta poliuretânica branca, uma tinta alquídica branca e um verniz acrílico. Cada um dos revestimentos estudados possui um mecanismo diferente de formação do filme sobre o substrato escolhido, aço carbono, e, portanto, possui características individuais específicas. A degradação dos filmes orgânicos foi realizada com a exposição dos corpos de prova à radiação ultravioleta (UV), de forma natural e acelerada, a fim também de avaliar diferenças e o comportamento destes revestimentos As amostras em exposição natural permaneceram durante um ano em contato com radiações solares, umidade, chuva e variações de temperatura. Já as amostras em exposição acelerada foram ensaiadas em uma câmara de intempéries aceleradas de UV por até 2000 horas. A degradação dos filmes foi acompanhada durante todos os ensaios e analisada por diferentes técnicas de caracterização, tais como: DSC, FTIR, MEV, EDS, FRX, microscopia óptica, espectrofotometria de cor; ensaios mecânicos de impacto, flexibilidade, aderência, rugosidade, além de medições periódicas de espessura. Paralelamente, exposições prolongadas em câmara úmida e névoa salina foram realizadas como parâmetro de comparação. Os resultados demonstram que a tinta poliuretânica sofre menores variações de cor e brilho, após os ensaios de degradação e que o verniz acrílico é o mais afetado na maioria dos casos. A tinta alquídica sofreu alterações significativas em névoa salina, entretanto, teve melhoras em suas propriedades mecânicas após as exposições ao UV. Quanto à comparação entre o ensaio de degradação natural e o artificial, conclui-se que cada ensaio interfere de diferentes maneiras nas propriedades dos revestimentos. / The protection of materials with high added value against the weather has great technological and economic significance. Currently, the main defense against the natural wear of these materials is the coating, whether inorganic, organic or metallic. A coating can act in various ways to protect the material in question, acting as a physical barrier, sacrificial metal or anodic protection. The development of protective coatings of high durability and low cost is very important for the growth of industry and cities around the world. Therefore, in this work are studied the degradation of four organic coatings, with different chemical compositions and physical properties, in order to interpret the phenomena that occur during the tests and to investigate the failures presented over time. The analyses were performed with a white epoxy paint, a white polyurethane paint, a white alkyd paint and an acrylic lacquer. Each one of the studied coatings has a different mechanism of film formation on the chosen substrate, carbon steel, and therefore has specific individual characteristics. The degradation of the organic films was carried out by exposing the specimens to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, in a natural and accelerated way, in order to clarify their differences and establish comparisons. The samples in natural exposure remained for a year outside, in contact with solar radiation, humidity, rainfall and temperature variations The accelerated exposure samples were tested in a chamber of accelerated UV for up to 2000 hours. The films degradation were monitored during all the tests and analysed by different characterization techniques, such as: DSC, FTIR, SEM, EDS, FRX, optical microscopy, color spectrophotometry; mechanical impact tests, flexibility, adhesion, roughness, in addition to periodic thickness measurements. At the same time, prolonged exposures in humidity chamber and salt spray were performed as a parameter of comparison. The results demonstrate that the polyurethane paint undergoes smaller variations of its properties after the tests and that the acrylic varnish is the most affected in most cases. About the comparison between the natural and the artificial degradation test, it is concluded that each test interferes in different ways in the properties of the coatings.

No description available.