Dans les dernières décennies du XXe siècle, les musées et centres d'art contemporain ont connu un grand dynamisme - redéfinition, expansion, modernisation - en réponse aux attentes de transformation des sociétés contemporaines. La pluridisciplinarité est considérée comme l'un des innovations les plus marquantes de cette évolution. Elle a contribué au renouveau du concept muséal et a participé à l'invention de véritables complexes culturels. Notre thèse vise à montrer l'émergence et la diffusion de la pluridisciplinarité dans la société au sens large, qui se retrouve dans les institutions culturelles, notamment, celles dédiées à l'art contemporain. L'étude du Centre Pompidou souligne que l'idée de la pluridisciplinarité est inscrite dans la conception, l'organisation et les programmes de cette institution. L'analyse de ses structure internes permet de voir comme le Centre a fédéré l'ensemble de ses départements, largement centrés sur eux-mêmes, et leur a donné cohérence et visibilité par la mise en oeuvre d'expositions pluridisciplinaires. De plus, la question de l'exportation, la transposition ou le rejet d'un modèle expérimenté par le Centre Pompidou est traitée à la lumière de l'expérience de la Tate Modem et du Centre Pompidou-Metz. La thèse apporte ainsi des éléments de réflexion sur la pérennité de l'idée de la pluridisciplinarité. Enfin, elle met en évidence que ces institutions, vouées à la promotion d'une démarche globale des disciplines artistiques, contribuent également à la diffusion de la pluridisciplinarité dans l'art, la culture et la société. / In the last decades of the twentieth century, contemporary museums and art centers have been very dynamic : redefinition, expansion and modernization. They transform to meet the needs of contemporary societies. In this evolution multidisciplinarity is considered as one of the most significant innovation. It contributes to the renewal of the museum concept and participates in the invention of cultural complexes. Our thesis aims to elucidate the emergence and dissemination of multidisciplinarity in society, art and culture. More specifically, the study focuses on the organizational, professional and cultural implications of multidisciplinarity in contemporary art institutions. ln the light of the experience of the Pompidou Center, it takes into consideration structures and operations, changes and evolution and the management of cultural programs. The study of internal features and their impact on multidisciplinary exhibition shows how the Center has brought together all of its departrnents, naturally centered on themselves, giving them coherence and visibilitv Furthermore, the analysis of export, transposition or rejection of the Pompidou Center model is undertaken by examining the Tate Modem and the Pompidou Center-Metz, which raises the question of the sustainability of the idea of multidisciplinarity as a social value. Finally, the thesis shows that cultural institutions dedicated to a comprehensive approach of artistics disciplines tend to promo te a multidisciplinary approach to art and culture in society.

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Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Thesis (M. Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2015 / Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) are regarded as valuable role players and partners in the development of communities. The aim of this study was to seek, and unpack business sustainability challenges faced by the philanthropic NGOs operating in the Capricorn District Municipality. This study also attempted to evaluate the possible solutions to the current challenges and to assess the compliance levels of the NGOs with the Directorate of the NPOs, to identify distinguishing qualities possessed by successful NGOs, to evaluate the role of affiliation and the support structures available for the NGOs in CDM and to make possible recommendations to improve their sustainability. The study employed qualitative evaluation as this research tool allows for interpretative research. The key findings of this study include lack of support for the NGOs, lack of resources, lack of visionary leadership, poor remuneration, greed and selfishness, competition for funding, lack of income generation and fundraising skills, education and financial illiteracy, wrong establishment motives, lack of passion for the sector and self-enrichment. The study recommends that the NGOs should appoint skilled Project Managers and governors who can provide clear directions; application forms for funding should use simple and understandable language so as to accommodate less privileged groups; diversify funding sources, and create mutual partnerships. The NPO Directorate together with the Department of Social Development should assist in the screening of motives to establish NGOs, the NGOs be assisted with the training of Management and Board members and NGOs be assisted financially with bookkeeping and auditors.

<p>The market communication in organisations is vital to manage the competition. Studies have shown the importance of market communication in both private and public organisations.</p><p>Since the past decade market communication has been acknowledged as an instrument to provide the organisations target group with valid information.</p><p>This thesis is a study about the differences in market communication between private and public organisations. To manage this we asked ourselves the question:</p><p><em>“- What distinguish the market communication in a private respective a public organisation?”</em></p><p>We have done qualitative interviews to get the best result for our study. We have interviewed both types of organisations and our respondents have leading strategic position in their organisations.</p><p>Our research highlights important differences between private and public organisations in matter of tactics in market communication.</p><p>In conclusion the result shows a great difference in how an organization is managing their communicative strategies all depending on if it is a private owned company or a public organisation.</p>

The market communication in organisations is vital to manage the competition. Studies have shown the importance of market communication in both private and public organisations. Since the past decade market communication has been acknowledged as an instrument to provide the organisations target group with valid information. This thesis is a study about the differences in market communication between private and public organisations. To manage this we asked ourselves the question: “- What distinguish the market communication in a private respective a public organisation?” We have done qualitative interviews to get the best result for our study. We have interviewed both types of organisations and our respondents have leading strategic position in their organisations. Our research highlights important differences between private and public organisations in matter of tactics in market communication. In conclusion the result shows a great difference in how an organization is managing their communicative strategies all depending on if it is a private owned company or a public organisation.

Rapport de stage DESS : Ingénierie documentaire : Ecole nationale supérieure des sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 : 2001.

This study aimed to critically analyze the purposes and uses of Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) within NGOs. It proceeded from the criticisms often levelled against M&E with regards to its relevance and its numerous failures. Moreover, if development programme interventions are already justified through useful services rendered to beneficiaries, what impact does development assistance projects like M&E have in the lives of individual beneficiaries of these programmes, especially considering the fact that significant resources and time are expended on M&E? Prompted by this question, the study investigated the strengths and challenges experienced by NGOs in using M&E in programme implementation. Given the numerous and diverse definitions of M&E and its diversity in practice among organizations, it was necessary to carry out the investigation through a case study; using a qualitative research method. The Centre for Criminal Justice (CCJ) was chosen for the case-study, given its history of the use of M&E in its outreach programme implementation. A semi-structured interview was used to gather data from a sample of seven members of the organization from different levels, ranging from management, the evaluator, head office staff and implementation staff who are either directly or indirectly involved in a vital way in the M&E process. This was to solicit diverse and in-depth responses from different perspectives on the purposes and uses of M&E within the organization. Findings revealed that the organization has institutionalized a well-structured, top-down and ongoing monitoring process to gather data daily from the services provided by the implementation staff. It also boasts an ongoing M&E system that follows the three-year cycle of the programme. This is besides other M&E related research carried out in the organization. The study found that some of those involved in the M&E process within CCJ have little or no understanding of the role of M&E within the organization. The implementation staff, for instance, who gather routine monitoring data, were found not to understand the full significance of their services to the M&E and development process as a whole. Beneficiaries were found not to understand the role of M&E within the organization and the impact it has on the services which they receive. The implications of such lack of knowledge to the development process is based on the assertion that the ‘objectives of social development programmes should be to help the indigenous communities or underprivileged groups (such as women, landless labourers, ...) develop the organizational capacity and knowledge needed to identify and satisfy their own needs’ (Valadez & Bamberger 1994: 9). In other words, if their participation should have more relevant outcomes, they need to be aware of what they are engaged in. This is a precondition for sustainable development and ownership of the development process. When this is lacking, there can be resistance or poor participation in the process and the threat of paternalism. The dilemma is that M&E is very technical.

ABSTRACT This thesis studies the background of the largest single farmer organisation in Australia and its role in influencing practice change. The study seeks to address a number of questions starting with: how did a small Western Australian farmer group reach national prominence over a relatively short period and become a major influence on agriculture in Australia? This research uses quantitative and qualitative methods and is informed by a constructionist philosophy. The research process involved five phases. Phase one consisted of examining the possibilities of the research and its value. It also addressed the research problem and questions. Phase two involved a survey of Kondinin Group members and negotiating with the Kondinin Group for access to its database. The survey was faxed to 1501 members in the northern region of Australia and the data from 272 responses was entered and reported. From this, the researcher could validate that the study had merit and the Kondinin Group was making a substantial difference to its members. Phase three revolved around a literature review to see what information was available on the Kondinin Group and other farm organisations. The study also examined how the group related to management and organizational theory, social trends and the body of work on extension and farmer capacity building. Phase four sought to further examine the organisation through interviews with key informants including people from the Kondinin Group and other farm organisations. Phase five of the research involved bringing information and data together to more comprehensively address the research questions and draw conclusions from the study. It also examined the challenges facing the Kondinin Group and lessons that can be drawn for other organisations along with identifying further research that may be worthwhile.

Thesis--Stockholm. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [330]-345).