<p>The Swedish National Rail Administration, Banverket, has the overarching sector responsibility for Swedish railways, including a responsibility for implementing and managing the government decision for an ecologically sustainable development. In support of achieving ecologically sustainable development and fulfilment of the national environmental objectives and environmental legislation, Banverket initiated the implementation of an Environmental Management System (EMS) in 1998. The overall aim of this thesis is to examine the EMS applied at Banverket with regard to the identification and monitoring of environmental aspects at the administrative Railway Regions of Banverket. The analysis is based on a qualitative approach comprising questionnaires, interviews, document analysis and participating observations.</p><p>Areas for potential improvements are identified. A more stringent use of the EMS is needed in the organisation. Furthermore, a link between activity, aspect and impact when identifying environmental aspects would improve the procedure. Like in other public organisations, the monitoring of environmental aspects at Banverket is insufficient. Introducing indicators and integrating different Government requirements for environmental monitoring into one system, using EMS as a tool would make the system more effective. In the thsesis a framework is proposed for the identification of environmental aspects pertaining to operation and maintenance at Banverket. This framework has an input–output perspective and provides a clear connection between activity, aspect and impact. Furthermore, by establishing the framework on a system used mainly for environmental performance evaluation, a better connection between the identification and monitoring of aspects is created, possibly improving both processes. The framework for the identifica-tion of environmental aspects, as proposed in the thesis, could also be modified and applied in other organisations.</p><p>A major conclusion of the study is that the EMS applied at Banverket, in its present form, is not an effective environmental management tool for achieving ecologically sustainable development within the rail sector. Adapted methods for identification and monitoring of environmental aspects for public organisations such as Banverket would facilitate the application of EMS and increase its effectiveness as an environmental tool.</p>

<p>The market communication in organisations is vital to manage the competition. Studies have shown the importance of market communication in both private and public organisations.</p><p>Since the past decade market communication has been acknowledged as an instrument to provide the organisations target group with valid information.</p><p>This thesis is a study about the differences in market communication between private and public organisations. To manage this we asked ourselves the question:</p><p><em>“- What distinguish the market communication in a private respective a public organisation?”</em></p><p>We have done qualitative interviews to get the best result for our study. We have interviewed both types of organisations and our respondents have leading strategic position in their organisations.</p><p>Our research highlights important differences between private and public organisations in matter of tactics in market communication.</p><p>In conclusion the result shows a great difference in how an organization is managing their communicative strategies all depending on if it is a private owned company or a public organisation.</p>

The market communication in organisations is vital to manage the competition. Studies have shown the importance of market communication in both private and public organisations. Since the past decade market communication has been acknowledged as an instrument to provide the organisations target group with valid information. This thesis is a study about the differences in market communication between private and public organisations. To manage this we asked ourselves the question: “- What distinguish the market communication in a private respective a public organisation?” We have done qualitative interviews to get the best result for our study. We have interviewed both types of organisations and our respondents have leading strategic position in their organisations. Our research highlights important differences between private and public organisations in matter of tactics in market communication. In conclusion the result shows a great difference in how an organization is managing their communicative strategies all depending on if it is a private owned company or a public organisation.

This study was drawn to investigate an unusual form of "industrial democracy", in Fiocruz, the Brazilian public research organisation in the health field, linked to the Ministry of Health. It is a single case study research making use of two contrasting cases: Embrapa and Pasteur Institute. The former is the Brazilian public research organisation in the agriculture field, similar to Fiocruz in space; and the latter is the French public research organisation for health, similar to Fiocruz in the field. The investigation works with the triangulation of methods approach, combining the analysis of quantitative and qualitative methods aiming at an in-depth analysis of the decision-making and the strategic planning processes of these research-led organisations. For this purpose, two exclusive tools were created and applied to their management boards and key actors. The first tool, an online questionnaire, was applied to the management boards; the second tool, a face-to-face interview, was made with the key actors. The findings were examined considering the literature, whose results supported the analysis of the context of each organisation and their strategic plans. This "second triangulation" revealed an original approach to industrial democracy by Fiocruz, based on a concept postulated by Arouca, which underpinned the creation of SUS, the Brazilian National Unified Health System: "Democracy is health". It represents a paradigm shift in the way the health concept is addressed, by adding a political dimension to it, which includes the citizenship, the free self-determination, the capacity of mastering the future. This unique approach to industrial democracy underpins the decision-making and the strategic planning of Fiocruz, revealing that it is, in fact, a new type of public research organisation; thus, questioning the validity of the existing framework concerning such entities.

Despite various efforts to introduce support measures and financial incentives to improve innovation in the public sector, it is widely perceived that the adoption of innovation is a slow and complex process (Albury, 2005; Coriat and Levinthal, 1990). Evidence of previous research indicates that the adoption of innovation varies considerably across public sector organisations, regardless of the perceived potential benefit of the new product (or service) (Cash and MOster, 2000; Edquist, 2005).The public procurement and innovation literature emphasises the potential of public sector organisations as important buyers and adopters of innovation, highlighting the role of public demand for the triggering and diffusion of innovation (Edler et al. 2011; Cunningham and Karakasidou, 2009; Edquist, 1997). However, innovation adoption in the public sector has been characterised as a slow and unpredictable process where the underlying institutional factors that play a role in the adoption process are not fully understood (Albury, 2005; Allman et al., 2011). The topic of poor adoption in the public sector is of great significance, not only for the innovation agenda, but also due to the increasing pressure on the public sector to achieve higher quality services with more efficient allocation of resources, particularly the NHS (Bonoma, 1985).The main objective of the research is to address the problem of slow and inconsistent adoption of innovation in the public sector, by providing a more holistic and institutional perspective to the study of innovation adoption, addressing the lack of context specific research on the topic. A major focus of this work is to understand the relationship between the adoption of innovation and institutions as a means to establish a more in-depth understanding of the institutional features that influence the adoption process. The research focuses on new technology procurement cases in the context of the English and Scottish NHS system, as two different institutional contexts, in order to identify the institutional features at the system’s and organisational level hat make a difference in adoption of innovation.

The theme of the re-aggregation of public organisations has been embraced in the recent public sector reforms of some developed countries such as the UK. The re-aggregation of public organisations may benefit the government in terms of focusing its interests on policy coordination. This is an alternative way of reforming the public sector in order to increase greater outcomes and the performance of public organisations with regard to the achievement of particular policy goals. The reform inevitably affects the targeted public organisations in both tangible and intangible ways. Since organisational culture is an important issue that can affect organisational outcomes and performance, including the achievement of policy goals, the research aims to analyse how organisational cultures have been changed following the integration of Thai public organisations. In this respect, the researchers used an integrated model of Competing Values Framework and human paradox theory to assess cultural changes of integrated public organisations.The research was based on quantitative and qualitative data gathered in field research conducted in Thailand’s four integrated public organisations. It was found that, overall, organisational cultures were altered following the organisational integration. Public employees perceived that the hierarchy culture hardly changed following a reform. However, the clan value has largely reduced, while market and adhocracy values have increased rather significantly within the new organisations. In terms of clan value, the research found that the reduction was a result of power struggles between groups of people who came from different organisational backgrounds. Power-struggling between clans could lead to lower team cooperation, a lack of trust and diminished loyalty to organisations. Public officials also perceived that a significant development of market and adhocracy cultures in organisations could be a result of external forces, as well as the integration reform. With regard to these changes, the development of market values was inimical to human relations within integrated organisations. Together with the existence of a patronage system in the Thai public organisations, leadership also contributed to a paradox of competition and cooperation where members of a dominant clan could be favoured over the others. People who came from minor cultures might feel a disadvantage from being part of the minority and then give minimal cooperation to the integrated organisation. In this respect, teamwork and organisational cohesion could be difficult to build if the tension is unbalanced. It can be concluded that the cultural model of the organisations studied changed and seemed to be more balanced than was previously found. The integration of organisations also has a great influence on cultures and paradoxes in organisations. The dissertation hopes to contribute to the existing literature, with regard to the application of a Competing Values Framework and human paradox theory to the underexplored context of integration reform in the public sector. Findings from the use of this instrument can offer a fresh point of view towards the reality of organisational integration reforms, especially for academics, Thai reformers and public employees themselves.

Demographic changes in the Swedish context due to the aging population leads to an escalation of retirements. This presents new challenges concerning labour shortage in organizations. Another important issue is cultural diversity which posts demands on employers to meet their service users needs. The main area of interest in this study is to investigate factors in an organization that connects to diversity and labour shortages and furthermore investigate the correlation between the two areas. To do this, a case study have been conducted using Umeå municipality as the case organization. Umeå is located in the north of Sweden with a population of about 120 000 residents. The method approach is qualitative, using semi-structured   interviews for data collection. The results suggests that terms and conditions for employees within the organization differs between majority and minority groups and that the cognitive awareness in the matter is diverse. The result also states the importance of strategic management such as follow ups, evaluations and designing of proactive standardizations for the HR   processes to reinforce anti-discrimination in the organizations. Our ambition is to give perspective on how norms influence the reality we create and recreate daily in our workplaces.

Cette thèse vise à améliorer le contrôle de gestion des organisations publiques. L'objectif est de répondre à la question suivante : quel est le rôle et l'impact de l'étalonnage dans la gestion des organisations publiques ? A l'issue d'une revue de la littérature approfondie, un cadre d'analyse de la particularité des organisations publiques a été mise en place et a permis de dégager les spécificités de ces organisations, lesquelles ne permettent pas de mettre en pratique les outils classiques du contrôle de gestions tels que le tableau de bord, la lolf, le reporting... L'enquête a été réalisée sur un échantillon d'une quarantaine de personnes composé des universitaires, des agents des organisations publiques et des professionnels (experts comptables, commissaires aux comptes et avocats). L'ensemble des résultats obtenus a permis de valider l'hypothèse générale selon laquelle l'étalonnage constitue un outil d'amélioration des performances dans les organisations publiques. / This doctoral thesis addresses / exlpores the impact of management control on public organizations. The / my purpose is to question and evaluate the role of benchmarking in the management of public organizations and the ways in which this currently much used / popular / strategy / method can impact on the management / functioning of public organizations. This work offerts a comprehensive review of what has been written in the field. It also provides an analytical framework to assess the particularities / specific features of those organizations, those which make it difficult to implement the classic strategies / tools of management control, that is lolf, dashboard or reporting. A survey has been carried out with a sample group, of about forty people consisting of academics and other professionals: chartered accountants, financial auditors, legal counsels. The obtained results helped validate our general hypothesis that benchmarking does constitute a tool which can greatly improve the performance and management of public organizations.

The Swedish National Rail Administration, Banverket, has the overarching sector responsibility for Swedish railways, including a responsibility for implementing and managing the government decision for an ecologically sustainable development. In support of achieving ecologically sustainable development and fulfilment of the national environmental objectives and environmental legislation, Banverket initiated the implementation of an Environmental Management System (EMS) in 1998. The overall aim of this thesis is to examine the EMS applied at Banverket with regard to the identification and monitoring of environmental aspects at the administrative Railway Regions of Banverket. The analysis is based on a qualitative approach comprising questionnaires, interviews, document analysis and participating observations. Areas for potential improvements are identified. A more stringent use of the EMS is needed in the organisation. Furthermore, a link between activity, aspect and impact when identifying environmental aspects would improve the procedure. Like in other public organisations, the monitoring of environmental aspects at Banverket is insufficient. Introducing indicators and integrating different Government requirements for environmental monitoring into one system, using EMS as a tool would make the system more effective. In the thsesis a framework is proposed for the identification of environmental aspects pertaining to operation and maintenance at Banverket. This framework has an input–output perspective and provides a clear connection between activity, aspect and impact. Furthermore, by establishing the framework on a system used mainly for environmental performance evaluation, a better connection between the identification and monitoring of aspects is created, possibly improving both processes. The framework for the identifica-tion of environmental aspects, as proposed in the thesis, could also be modified and applied in other organisations. A major conclusion of the study is that the EMS applied at Banverket, in its present form, is not an effective environmental management tool for achieving ecologically sustainable development within the rail sector. Adapted methods for identification and monitoring of environmental aspects for public organisations such as Banverket would facilitate the application of EMS and increase its effectiveness as an environmental tool. / <p>QC 20101213</p>

Agile methodology has existed for over a decade – its potential benefits have made it attractive and popular. As part of innovation, public organisations increasingly invest in information technology systems. Nevertheless, complex information technology adaptive systems require adaptability and flexibility to improve public organisations' delivery systems. Even though the Agile methodology can increase productivity and quality, adopting agile scrum methodology in public organisations is challenging. This study investigates public organisations where IT projects have unclear requirements and cross-functional team environments – which the scrum methodology is typically best suited for. However, despite the widely spread agile method concept and the need increased in the last two decades, still public organisations are not fully adapted to agile scrum methodology, and researchers have noticed slow and ineffective changes in adopting it. While many studies are available on challenges in adopting agile scrum methodology in public organisations' IT project management, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of these challenges. Therefore, challenges in adopting Agile scrum methodology in public organisations' IT project management context were studied in this literature review. This study aims to report on a systematic literature review about adopting agile scrum methodology in public organisations' IT project management and provide empirical evidence about its current situation and challenges. This research has used a systematic literature review as a research strategy and thematic analysis to analyse the secondary data, where the analysis is conducted based on the filtered themes, sub-themes and codes. The systematic literature review uses the preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework; inclusion and exclusion criteria systematically assess the quality of chosen papers and either include or exclude them for this research. Most relevant studies for final inclusion were selected, screened, and shortlisted based on the keywords from academic databases and other online resources to investigate and analyse the research question. The implementation of the agile scrum methodology in IT project management can present notable challenges for public organisations. A number of sources have identified these challenges, and a thorough examination of the matter reveals their frequency.