Graduation date: 1991

No description available.

No description available.

This thesis examines how the secondary effects of environmental regulations are assessed before the regulations are proclaimed. Negative secondary effects of a policy (such as regulation) may outweigh direct benefits; it is important that secondary effects are clearly assessed. The case study is the control of organochlorines in the Canadian pulp and paper industry via federal regulation of dioxins and furans and British Columbia's regulation of Adsorbable Organic Halogen (AOX). The thesis is founded upon the premise that sustainability must be an integral consideration. A systems approach is used to evaluate assessments and to generate recommendations. The evaluation is divided into two parts: the process of assessing the regulation and the contents of the assessments. Background information is provided on organochlorines, pulp and paper making, the pulp and paper industry and the relevant regulatory processes. A chronology of the regulation is established. Assessments are reviewed from five classes of stakeholders: industry, labour, environmentalists, the federal government and the British Columbia government. The study found that secondary impacts of the regulation were less important than the primary action, which was managing the risk posed by organochlorines in effluent. For the secondary assessments, stakeholders felt problems with the process were greater than shortcomings in content. In particular, governments' lack of response to submissions caused a lack of confidence in the system, which was well-founded in British Columbia's highly political process. The federal Regulatory Impact Analysis Statements gave a valuable but limited summary of impact assessments and the rationale behind the regulations. To improve the process of creating environmental regulation I recommend that the federal government assemble a reference document for assessments, that all levels of government institute class assessments for general cases, and that all stakeholders use a consistent, multiobjective framework. The proposed framework is presented.

Thesis (M.S.)--Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2009. / Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed June 16, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-66).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1970. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--OGI School of Science & Engineering at OHSU, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 59-65).

Chlorination of 2-methyl-2-aryloxypropanoic acids with aqueous hypochlorous acid gives spiro chloro adducts in moderate to high yields. In chlorination of 2-methyl-2-(2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acids, 1,2-adducts are formed, while in the case of 2-methyl-2-(4-methylphenoxy)propanoic acids, 1,4-adducts are obtained. In addition to the spiro adducts, 2-methyl-2-(4-chlorophenoxy)propanoic acids in the former case, and 2-methyl-2-(2-chlorophenoxy)propanoic acids in the latter case are formed, respectively. No 6-chlorosubstituted products are detected on chlorination of any of the substrates. Chlorination of 2-methyl-2-(2,4-dimethylphenoxy)propanoic acid affords only the 1,4-adduct. However, chlorination of 2-methyl-2-(5-chloro-2,4-dimethylphenoxy)propanoic acid gives both the 1,2- and the 1,4-adduct. 2-Methyl-2-(3,5-di-t-butylphenoxyl)propanoic acid on chlorination yields the diastereomeric secondary chloro adduct, 8-chloro-7,9-di-t-butyl-3,3-dimethyl-1,4-dioxaspiro (4,5) deca-6,9-dien-2-one. Under neutral and non-polar conditions, most of the 1,2-adducts undergo a thermal rearrangement of the chlorine which is shown to be a (1,5) sigmatropic chlorine shift. The rearrangement rates are highly dependent on the nature of the substituents in the diene systems. Under acidic and non-nucleophilic conditions, most of the 1,4-adducts undergo an intramolecular 1,2 chlorine shift followed by aromatization to give the 3-chloro-substituted products. For the dienes in which the 3-position is originally substituted, successive 1,2 chlorine migrations and/or side chain substitution are observed. On the other hand, the 1,2-adducts under similar reaction conditions undergo an intermolecular 1,4 chlorine shift to give the 5-chlorosubstituted products. In the case that the 5-position is substituted by a methyl group, side chain substitution at the 5-methyl takes place. In the presence of added base, solvolyses of the 1,4-adducts in methanol affords simple solvolysis products and/or 1,2 carboxyl rearranged products. The kinetic studies of the solvolyses of the 1,4-adducts have been carried out. The results reveal the substituent effects on both the simple solvolysis displacement and the rearrangement reactions. / Graduate

This thesis examines how the secondary effects of environmental regulations are assessed before the regulations are proclaimed. Negative secondary effects of a policy (such as regulation) may outweigh direct benefits; it is important that secondary effects are clearly assessed. The case study is the control of organochlorines in the Canadian pulp and paper industry via federal regulation of dioxins and furans and British Columbia's regulation of Adsorbable Organic Halogen (AOX). The thesis is founded upon the premise that sustainability must be an integral consideration. A systems approach is used to evaluate assessments and to generate recommendations. The evaluation is divided into two parts: the process of assessing the regulation and the contents of the assessments. Background information is provided on organochlorines, pulp and paper making, the pulp and paper industry and the relevant regulatory processes. A chronology of the regulation is established. Assessments are reviewed from five classes of stakeholders: industry, labour, environmentalists, the federal government and the British Columbia government. The study found that secondary impacts of the regulation were less important than the primary action, which was managing the risk posed by organochlorines in effluent. For the secondary assessments, stakeholders felt problems with the process were greater than shortcomings in content. In particular, governments' lack of response to submissions caused a lack of confidence in the system, which was well-founded in British Columbia's highly political process. The federal Regulatory Impact Analysis Statements gave a valuable but limited summary of impact assessments and the rationale behind the regulations. To improve the process of creating environmental regulation I recommend that the federal government assemble a reference document for assessments, that all levels of government institute class assessments for general cases, and that all stakeholders use a consistent, multiobjective framework. The proposed framework is presented. / Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies / Graduate

Previous monitoring studies by federal agencies such as the United States Geological Survey have shown that environmental contaminants rarely occur as single compounds but, rather, as mixtures. In aquatic ecosystems, mixtures of these compounds are often complex, sometimes containing dozens of compounds across a number of different chemical classes. Non-target aquatic organisms are frequently exposed to varying levels of contaminants based upon the physical properties of the chemicals, such as water solubility, and life-cycle habits of the individual organisms. In addition to this, past research has indicated that the presence of one class of contaminant may have an influence on the toxicities of other chemical classes. Water-only toxicity testing has historically provided a means by which researchers can rapidly determine the toxic effects of water-soluble compounds such as triazine herbicides and organophosphate insecticides. However, many legacy pesticides, such as organochlorine, and some current-use pesticides, such as pyrethroids, are strongly hydrophobic, and suspended or bedded sediments, rather than water, would generally be more appropriate matrices for monitoring. Yet sampling of sediments and quantification of residues of these pesticides is often lacking. Similarly, there have been few studies examining the toxicity of mixtures of these compounds in sediment. The first goal of this research was to examine the effects of select triazine herbicides on organophosphate insecticide toxicity utilizing water-only toxicity test with the aquatic amphipod Hyalella azteca. The second goal was to analyze an existing database of chemical concentrations using a toxicity-based screening approach in order to estimate the environmental hazard posed by mixtures of pyrethroid, organochlorine, and organophosphate insecticides in sediment to H. azteca. The third goal of this research was to examine the toxic effects of mixtures of different pyrethroid insecticides to H. azteca using compounds identified as most relevant from the screening phase of the study. The fourth goal of this research was to examine how pyrethroid and organochlorine insecticides partition between different size fractions within sediment and detritus, as well as between sediments with differing organic carbon content, and the resulting effects to compound toxicity and bioavailability. The final goal of this research was to examine potential modifications to bifenthrin sediment partitioning, toxicity, and bioaccessibility resulting from various dissolved salt concentrations in overlying water using H. azteca and Chironomus dilutus as reference organisms. Together, the individual objectives of this study provide a thorough and multi-tiered approach to determining the occurrence, environmental fate, biological effects, and bioavailability of frequently detected and co-occurring environmental contaminants in both agricultural and urban landscapes.