Globalisation has created a world where countries compete with each other over trading. Historically, emerging countries started with a negative brand image to enhance exporting. This is particularly true in the Asian context where a general developmental path has been established by countries such as Japan and South Korea. Their success has gained a strong brand image for their products. China, after launching itself into the global market in the late 70s, has gained an increasing market share of ‘Made in China’ products. The reputation of ‘Made in China’, however, is perceived at low quality mass production of low-tech content, and there are only few Chinese brands which can stand out in the global market. This study explores ‘Made in China’ phenomenon in the global market, especially from the producer’s viewpoint. The literature review provides a background to the research. It covers the studies on Country of Origin (COO) effect, economic development strategies and competitive advantage theories. This research employs a mixed methods strategy that combines both quantitative and qualitative studies. The questionnaire survey was designed to reveal British importers’ perception of ‘Made in China’ products. Netnography and Interview are adopted to investigate the voice from Chinese producers and manufacturers. The design of this research allows for triangulating the findings. The results show the international buyers, i.e. British importers, perceive the biggest advantage for Chinese products is price. Chinese producers’ contributions suggest four themes to represent the current situation of ‘Made in China’, namely the image, price, quality and imitation. In their view the future development lies in ‘Created in China’, which consists of other four themes: creativity, branding, designing and R&D. A model of -From ‘Made in China’ to ‘Created in China’- is developed in this research. This model identifies the major obstacles that impede the development are thin profit and copying. This research shed lights on the study of developing a country brand, especially for the emerging nation like China. For the first time, this research explores the producers’ views to highlight the importance of their roles in a country brand’s development. The findings also have the implications for Chinese policymakers and industrial development agency. It further offers knowledge to the emerging nations who wish to develop their country brand in the international exporting market.

Past literature on transnational repression underscore the significant gap in examining how the relationship between the origin country and the host country influences instances of transnational repression. To fill this gap, this study is bringing in the neglected role of democratic host states by exploring: Why do certain democratic host states encounter significant incidents of transnational repression on their soil while others do not? This essay demystifies the concept of "relationship" and examines whether states, driven by their self-interest, tend to "overlook" transnational repression. This exploration involves testing the hypothesis: An observed comprehensive relationship between the host and origin countries leads to increased transnational repression as the host country tends to “overlook” these incidents. Through a Structured Focused Comparison, the originating country Russia, and the hosting countries Switzerland and the United Kingdom are compared. The findings do not fully support the hypothesis. However, several intriguing discoveries are found that need further investigation.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 pmdgi - paulette skierski pós-banca.pdf: 1279732 bytes, checksum: e09dd754d13123992bfb1864e22982be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-21 / The main objective of this PhD thesis was to understand the relation between international mobility of academics (IMA) and innovation, and its impacts on the countries of origin and destination of researchers. For this purpose three diverse and complementary articles were developed with specific methodologies through which deepens relevant aspects of the proposed discussion. The aim of the first article was to perform a meta-analysis in order to understand the relation between IMA with variables, proxies of innovation, and their impacts in the countries of destination, origin, and destination and origin simultaneously of the researchers. After the elaboration of a rigorous research protocol from 36 articles selected in 15 top journals of the Scopus and ISI Web of Science databases, 20 variables were identified, including five of them, with positive, negative or null impacts for the countries. The study brings contributions to the academy insofar as IMA generates innovation through the development of research networks, the increase of publications with better quality, the increase of citations, and the generation of partnerships between universities, industries and laboratories that can improve education and science. Knowing the types of innovation that IMA generates enables governments that wish to invest in scientific, technological, economic and social development to choose the best measures of attraction and retention of brains. For industry, technological catch-up and highly skilled labour (HSL), means enhancing competitiveness and capacity building, growth of research and development (R&D), creating new products, patent filing, increased investments and expansion of internationalization. The objective of the second research was to investigate which of the following factors is most important in the academics mobility decision: the impact of the science, technology and innovation (ST&I) infrastructure, or the quality of life in the host country. Were considered journals of scientific prestige and research and development (R&D) institutions as proxies for ST&I and the human development index (HDI) as a proxy for quality of life. These data came from several databases. The results of a multiple linear regression show that, although the ST&I infrastructure takes precedence over quality of life, both are influential factors in academics mobility decisions. The results offer guidance for academics in their decisions regarding mobility, as well as offering guidance for government policy-makers with regard to national investments to address brain drain and brain gain. The third study aimed to investigate the relation between patent filing, proxy for innovation, with IMA, education and applied research. For this purpose, primary databases at the National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI), and secondary databases of the Lattes Platform, Linkedin and Foundation for Research Support of the State of São Paulo (FAPESP) were carried out. The first two Brazilian universities according to the INPI (2014) patent ranking were the University of São Paulo (USP), with a universe of 282 inventors who filed 78 patents followed by the University of Campinas (UNICAMP) with a universe of 190 inventors who filed 60 patents. The results show a positive relation between the number of patents deposited with education, participation in IMA programs and applied research. / O objetivo central desta tese foi entender a relação entre mobilidade acadêmica internacional (MAI) e inovação, e seus impactos nos países de origem e de destino dos pesquisadores. Para isso o trabalho desenvolve três artigos diversos e complementares com metodologias específicas através das quais aprofunda aspectos relevantes da discussão proposta. O primeiro artigo teve como objetivo realizar uma meta-análise afim de entender a relação entre MAI com variáveis, proxies de inovação e seus impactos nos países de destino, de origem, e de destino e origem simultâneamente dos pesquisadores. Após a elaboração de um rigoroso protocolo de pesquisa a partir de 36 artigos selecionados em 15 top journals das bases Scopus e ISI Web of Science, foram localizadas 20 variáveis, dentre as quais cinco de inovação, com impactos positivos, negativos ou nulo para os países. O estudo traz contribuições para a academia na medida em que a MAI gera inovação através do desenvolvimento de redes de pesquisa, do incremento das publicações com melhor qualidade, do aumento de citações, além da geração de parcerias entre universidades, indústrias e laboratórios que podem trazer melhorias à educação e ciência. Conhecer os tipos de inovação que a MAI gera possibilita aos governos que desejam investir no desenvolvimento científico-tecnológico, econômico e social escolher as melhores medidas de atração e retenção de cérebros. Para a indústria o catch-up tecnológico e a mão de obra altamente qualificada significam aprimoramento da competitividade e capacitação, crescimento da pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D), desenvolvimento de novos produtos, depósito de patentes, maiores investimentos e expansão da internacionalização. A segunda pesquisa teve como propósito verificar qual fator é preponderante para a decisão de MAI: o impacto da infraestrutura de ciência, tecnologia e inovação (CTI) ou da qualidade de vida no país hospedeiro. Desse modo, o objetivo do artigo foi verificar se fatores relacionados à infraestrutura de CTI e qualidade de vida estão associados à MAI dos recursos humanos em ciência e tecnologia (RHCT) e quais deles têm maior peso na decisão de mobilidade. Foi analisada a relação da mobilidade dos acadêmicos com a presença de journals de impacto e prestígio, instituições de P&D, como proxies de CTI, e o índice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH), como proxy de qualidade de vida. A metodologia foi quantitativa por meio de uma técnica estatística descritiva confirmatória de regressão linear múltipla. Foram usados dados de fontes secundárias da OECD, UNESCO, World Bank, Global Innovation Index, United Nations Development Programme. Os resultados mostraram a preponderância da infraestrutura de CTI sobre a qualidade de vida. Todavia, embora, a primeira tenha uma importância maior para explicar a mobilidade dos acadêmicos é necessário que as duas figurem conjuntamente. A contribuição acadêmica reside na preponderância à infraestrutura de CTI, mas associada à qualidade de vida. A contribuição para os Estados reside na necessidade de garantir ambas as condições para a atração dos acadêmicos. Para os gestores de universidades ficou clara a necessidade de um investimento maciço em CTI. O terceiro estudo teve como finalidade investigar a relação entre depósito de patentes, indicador de inovação, com MAI, educação e pesquisa aplicada. Para tanto, foi realizada uma coleta de dados de bases primárias do Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial (INPI) e secundárias da Plataforma Lattes, Linkedin, e Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP). As duas primeiras universidades brasileiras do ranking de patentes de 2014 do INPI foram a Universidade de São Paulo (USP), com um universo formado por 282 inventores que depositaram 78 patentes seguida pela Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) com um universo formado por 190 inventores que depositaram 60 patentes. Os resultados revelaram existir uma relação positiva entre o número de patentes depositadas com educação, participação em programas de MAI e pesquisa aplicada.