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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Multi-functional Hyaluronan Based Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications

Yang, Xia January 2014 (has links)
This thesis presents strategies for constructing multi-functional biomaterials based on hyaluronan (HA) derivatives for various biomedical applications, such as drug delivery, tissue regeneration, and imaging biomaterials. The aim of this study is to improve the functionalities of HA biomaterials as well as simplify the preparation procedures.  Native HA polymer contains D-glucuronic acid residue with a carboxyl group per disaccharide unit that can be easily modified by carbodiimide-mediated amidation reaction. Therefore, we have designed a series of orthogonal groups (hydrazide, carbazate, aldehyde, and thiol) that can be linked to HA under mild conditions using the carbodiimide chemistry. Multiple functionalities can be introduced to the obtained HA derivatives via chemoselective “click”-type transformations.   The modified HA derivatives were used for the preparation of either nanogel particles (NPs) or bulk hydrogels. Due to “click” character of the reactions used, structural HA transformations were performed with high fidelity on different scales including molecular (polymers), nanometer (NPs), and a visible scale (bulk hydrogels). By linking pyrene or camptothecin to hydrophilic HA backbone, amphiphilic polymers were obtained and utilized as drug delivery carriers or prodrugs, respectively. Subsequently, physically loaded drug (doxorubicin) could be released upon degradation of HA carriers, while the chemically linked camptothecin was released intact by a thiol-triggered cleavage reaction. Bisphosphonated HA (HA-BP) polymers were prepared to induce hydrogel scaffold bio-mineralization for bone regeneration application. Moreover, we could recruit strong binding capacity of bisphosphonate (BP) groups to calcium ions for the formation of physically crosslinked HA-BP gel upon simple mixing of the polymer and calcium phosphate nanoparticle components. This gel was more stable in vivo compared to hydrazone crosslinked HA gels. Furthermore, the hydrogel composed of fluorine-19 (19F) linked HA polymer was successfully observed by both 1H and 19F MR imaging.         In conclusion, the presented herein study describes new approaches for building up multi-functional biomaterials from the HA-based blocks. The utilization of carbodiimide and click chemistries along with the enzymatic degradation of HA allowed simple and efficient interconversion between HA macromolecules, nanoparticles and macroscopic hydrogels. These HA-based biomaterials show high potential for use in the fields of drug delivery, bone regeneration, and imaging techniques.
2

Une nouvelle stratégie d’immunothérapie : cibler directement des immunostimulants à la surface des cellules tumorales par ligation bio-orthogonale / A new strategy in cancer immunotherapy through specific targeting of immunostimulants to the tumor cell surface using bio-orthogonal chemistry

Mongis, Aline 03 February 2017 (has links)
L’immunothérapie anti-cancéreuse vise à éliminer les cellules tumorales en stimulant les propres cellules du système immunitaire du patient. Dans ce projet, nous avons développé une nouvelle stratégie d’immunothérapie visant à cibler directement des immunostimulants a la surface des cellules tumorales par ligation bio-orthogonale. Nous utilisons, pour marquer spécifiquement les cellules tumorales, leur métabolisme particulier et très actif qui permet d’intégrer à leur surface, dans leurs glycanes, des azido sucres capables de se lier en grand nombre avec divers immunostimulants portant des groupements réactifs adéquats (= glyco-ingénierie métabolique). Pour la ligation aux glycanes, nous employons la chimie bio-orthogonale qui est basée sur l’utilisation de 2 groupements mutuellement réactifs, tous 2 absents des milieux biologiques et qui peuvent se coupler rapidement très sélectivement et donc pratiquement sans réactions secondaires dans des conditions douces compatibles avec une application in vivo. Notre choix d’immunostimulants s’est porte sur les oligonucléotides de type CpG (puissants immunostimulants) et sur les β-glucanes qui, en combinaison avec des anticorps thérapeutiques, stimulent la phagocytose et n’entrainent pas une secretion importante de cytokines. Ainsi, après avoir determiné les meilleures conditions d’incorporation des azido sucres et mis au point le couplage des immunostimulants à différents groupements bioorthogonaux, nous sommes parvenus à montrer in vitro la fixation des immunostimulants à la surface de différentes lignées tumorales. Des tests immunologiques in vitro et une étude in vivo ont ensuite permis de valider l’effet des immunostimulants fixés à la surface des cellules tumorales. Nous avons ainsi observe sur une série de souris, un ralentissement de développement tumoral en présence d’un puissant immunostimulant fixé sur les cellules tumorales. / Cancer immunotherapy uses the patient's own immune system to fight cancer. In this research project, we propose a new strategy for immunotherapy: binding immunostimulants in situ to the tumor cell surface using bio-orthogonal chemistry. For that purpose we use the particular and active metabolism of tumor cells to introduce by metabolic glycoengineering into their cell surface glycans, azido sugars capable of binding many different immunostimulants carrying adequate reactive groups. The biorthogonal chemistry allowing this specific ligation is based on the use of two mutually reactive groups both naturally absent from biological systems and which can be coupled selectively and very quickly in conditions totally compatible with living organisms. Our choice of immunostimulants consists, on one hand, of CpG oligonucleotides (powerful general immunostimulants) and on the other hand of β-glucans (phagocytosis stimulants used in combination with therapeutic antibodies without causing strong cytokine secretion). We determined the best conditions for the introduction of azido sugars into cell glycans of different tumor models and tried different biorthogonal groups and reaction conditions to obtain the best immunostimulant coupling to the surface of various tumor cell lines. Then, we performed in vitro immunological tests and in vivo studies in mice in order to validate the effect of the association between immunostimulants and tumor cells on the immune response against tumors. Thereby, we observed on a group of mice, reduced tumor growth when the strong immunostimulant CpG was fixed onto tumor cell surface.
3

Développement de nouvelles stratégies Robustes, Efficaces et Orthogonales pour l’élaboration et la fonctionnalisation de matériaux polymères / Controlled radical polymerization, click chemistry, CuAAC, tandem reaction, onepot reaction, thiolene, thiol-ene, orthogonal chemistry, crosslinked PDMS, thin films

Damiron, Denis 17 December 2009 (has links)
Les travaux réalisés au cours de cette thèse concernent trois différentes techniques de formulation innovantes qui ont été étudiées en tant que procédés robustes et efficaces pour l’élaboration de polymères fonctionnels à architecture contrôlée ou bien de films minces réticulés. La première stratégie exploite le caractère orthogonal de la click chemistry la plus connue: la cycloaddition catalysée par le cuivre(I) entre un azoture et un alcyne (CuAAC). Nous avons développé deux stratégies monotopes tandem complémentaires alliant CuAAC et Polymérisation Radicalaire Contrôlée (PRC) afin d’obtenir efficacement des architectures complexes en une seule étape. La deuxième stratégie concerne l’utilisation de la chimie thiol-ène en tant que click chemistry pour la fonctionnalisation de polymères et la réalisation d’architectures bien définies. Une série de polymères portant des insaturations ont été synthétisés par des techniques de polymérisation contrôlée dans le but d’étudier et de comparer l’efficacité des couplages thiol-ène initiés thermiquement ou hotochimiquement. Dans cette étude, l’orthogonalité de la chimie thiol-ène avec la CuAAC a également été étudiée. La troisième stratégie est inspirée des récentes techniques d’élaboration de matériaux réticulés/fonctionnalisés par couplage des azotures avec des insaturations. Nous avons développé une nouvelle stratégie d’élaboration efficace de matériaux massifs et de films minces de PDMS réticulés par utilisation d’un diazoture comme agent réticulant. Cette étude est réalisée en combinant des expertises en rhéologie, chimie et en couches minces. / This thesis focuses on three different and innovative techniques studied as efficient and robust processes to elaborate functional polymers with controlled architecture or crosslinked materials and thin films. The first strategy exploits the orthogonal property of a famous click chemistry: the Copper (I)-catalyzed Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition (CuAAC). We developed two complementary strategies based on the one-pot tandem combination of CuAAC and Controlled Radical Polymerisation techniques (CRP) to efficiently elaborate complex polymer architectures. The second strategy is focused on the thiol-ene chemistry as a click chemistry and its use for the functionalisation of polymers in order to obtain well defined architectures. A series of alkenefunctional polymers were synthesized by controlled polymerization techniques in order to investigate and compare the efficiency and orthogonality of both photochemically and thermally initiated thiol-ene click coupling reactions. Orthogonality of thiol-ene chemistry with CuAAC was also studied. The third strategy is inspired of new processes developed to perform crosslinked/functionalised materials by azide-ene couplings. We investigate a new strategy for the elaboration of crosslinked PDMS in bulk or in thin films with the use of a diazide as coupling agent. This last study combines analyses in rheology, chemistry and in thin layer.

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