<p>This thesis addresses the biomechanics of the human middle ear, that part of the auditory system which converts sound pressure waves in air to fluid pressure waves in the cochlea. The middle ear's mechanism is analysed in four papers, three main and one supporting; in the main papers the middle ear is treated as a multi-particle, multi-rigid body ensemble possessing a variable number of degrees of freedom depending upon the case being investigated.</p><p>It is confirmed, using the standard representation of a single fused incudo-malleal block, that the middle ear's motion is linear, but when this fused block restriction is lifted nonlinearity is present which significantly affects the mechanism's behaviour. In view of the linearity of the chain under the fused block conditions, the explanatory veracity of the conventionally accepted `fixed axis hypothesis' of ossicular motion is examined and found to be wanting as a realistic description of the chain's physical movement.</p><p>The nonlinear behaviour of the ossicular chain centres around the action of the incudo-malleal joint. This joint is shown to have preferential planes of operation, principally the pitch or longitudinal plane and in general to act as an efficient energy dissipator at high driving pressures and low frequencies. Providing the pressure is high enough, it is shown this energy dissipator effect eventually becomes independent of frequency.</p><p>The supporting paper discusses the dynamics of the imposition and removal of equation constraints justifying methods used to investigate the functioning of the incudo-malleal joint.</p>

This thesis addresses the biomechanics of the human middle ear, that part of the auditory system which converts sound pressure waves in air to fluid pressure waves in the cochlea. The middle ear's mechanism is analysed in four papers, three main and one supporting; in the main papers the middle ear is treated as a multi-particle, multi-rigid body ensemble possessing a variable number of degrees of freedom depending upon the case being investigated. It is confirmed, using the standard representation of a single fused incudo-malleal block, that the middle ear's motion is linear, but when this fused block restriction is lifted nonlinearity is present which significantly affects the mechanism's behaviour. In view of the linearity of the chain under the fused block conditions, the explanatory veracity of the conventionally accepted `fixed axis hypothesis' of ossicular motion is examined and found to be wanting as a realistic description of the chain's physical movement. The nonlinear behaviour of the ossicular chain centres around the action of the incudo-malleal joint. This joint is shown to have preferential planes of operation, principally the pitch or longitudinal plane and in general to act as an efficient energy dissipator at high driving pressures and low frequencies. Providing the pressure is high enough, it is shown this energy dissipator effect eventually becomes independent of frequency. The supporting paper discusses the dynamics of the imposition and removal of equation constraints justifying methods used to investigate the functioning of the incudo-malleal joint.

La surdité est un problème de santé publique. Le vieillissement de la population explique ainsi une grande partie des causes de surdités, par la fréquence de la presbyacousie. Le principal moyen de la réhabilitation auditive est représenté par les prothèses auditives conventionnelles. Les aides auditives ont considérablement progressé ces dernières années, principalement en termes d’amélioration du traitement du signal. Ceci étant dit, outre le problème économique, certains facteurs limitent encore les bénéfices que les patients peuvent ressentir (occlusion du conduit auditif, effet larsen, absence d’amplification en ambiance sonore,…). Les implants d’oreille moyenne sont destinés à amplifier le signal sonore en le transmettant à l’oreille moyenne pour compenser une perte auditive. Ils sont indiqués en cas d’échec ou de contre-indication de l’appareillage conventionnel. Cependant, les implants d’oreille moyenne présentent certaines limites comme l’insuffisance de performance. Des données récentes montrent que les performances des techniques de réparation de la chaîne ossiculaire sont dépendantes du couplage des prothèses ossiculaires à la chaîne des osselets. Par ailleurs, des avancées dans la compréhension de la biomécanique de la chaîne ossiculaire confirment l’importance du placement et du couplage des procédés de restauration chirurgicaux. Nous avons formulé l’hypothèse selon laquelle ces données pouvaient être appliquées aux implants d’oreille moyenne pour en améliorer les performances. Nous avons voulu analyser expérimentalement les effets sur les performances de variables telles que : placement d’un transducteur, le couplage à la chaîne des osselets, la taille de l’effecteur, l’effet de stimulations alternatives. Nous avons utilisé un transducteur électromagnétique de dernière génération (Otologics MET-V Gen 2) et une technique d’analyse de la vibration des structures de l’oreille moyenne par vélocimétrie laser. Les résultats ont montré une nette amélioration des performances en fonction des modifications de placement et de couplage à la chaîne des osselets ou à la fenêtre ronde. / Hearing loss is a public health issue. Ageing is the most frequent cause of deafness. The main option for the rehabilitation of hearing loss is the use of conventional hearing aids. These aids have dramatically improved their performance for the past 20 years, mostly with regards to signal processing. However, in addition to economic reasons, some limitations remain (occlusion, feedback, hearing in noise…) and limit the satisfaction of patients. Active middle ear implants (AMEI) have been developed to overcome some of these problems and are indicated n conventional hearing failed to improve patients’ quality of hearing. However, AMEI suffer from limitations, as insufficient performances for severe hearing losses. Recent experimental and clinical data have highlighted the importance of coupling and placement of ossicular reconstruction passive prosthesis use. Other reported new findings regarding the biomechanism of the ossicular chain, especially for high frequency hearing, which is, unfortunately, where most people have their hearing loss. We hypothesized that these findings could be applied to AMEI use. We have analysed experimentally the effects on AMEI performance of variables such as: placement, coupling, size of tranduscer vibrating tip, alternative stimulation options. We used a electromagnetic tranducer from Otologics LLC to drive the middle ear or round window membrane, and a laser Doppler vibrometer to assess for the induced middle transfer function. Results have shown that we could provide great improvement in performance when varying the coupling method and the placement to the ossicular chain or the round window membrane.