This study presents a pedagogic framework that offers a new approach, structure and content for the teaching, understanding and application of typography in cross-media communication environments. Current theory and vocabulary used to describe typographic practice and scholarship are based on a historically print-derived framework. As yet, no new paradigm has emerged to address the divergent path that screen-based typography has taken from its traditional print medium. This study argues that the current model of typographic education is unable to provide design students with appropriate models, concepts and grammar to explore the potential of typography in screen-based media. Hence, a re-evaluation of the current framework is proposed in order to develop new approaches that will reduce misappropriation of typographic principles and aesthetic values in screen-based media. This study is composed of three research stages. Stage One (consisting of a literature and design application review) was used to develop an understanding of the current typographic application in screen-based media. Stage Two (consisting of a questionnaire survey and in-depth interviews) was used to investigate the relevance of current typographic knowledge in relation to screen- based media. Additionally, this stage helped identify critical issues surrounding current and future typographic practice. Findings from Stages One and Two were used as a basis to develop a new framework. This framework was subsequently tested and refined in Stage Three through action research projects (with Graphic and New Media design students) and peer reviews (with design educators and professional practitioners). The final framework consists of six key attributes: an integrated model of knowledge, cross-media skills, cross-disciplinary influences, it is communication-focused, flexible and adaptable. It reflects a future model of a convergent media, not a continued separation of print and screen. This framework consists of two distinct areas of knowledge: Global Skills (Form, Content, Expression and Context) and Specialist Skills (Hyper-textuality, Interactivity, Temporality and Usability). It is concluded that the approach and knowledge-base used to teach typography must be modified to reflect the challenges posed by media convergence, where transferable global skills are emphasised across a range of media. Typography's knowledge base has to be expanded to include specialist skills derived from technological and social changes in communication technologies. The principal contributions of the study are: the identification of transferable global typographic skills; the introduction of specialist design skills required for effective cross-media type application; presentation of an integrated model of typographic knowledge and practice; a curriculum guide aimed at helping design educators plan and deliver typography in graphic and multimedia programmes; strategies and approaches to help designers remediate their print- derived knowledge and lastly, as a subject reference guide for visual communication design students. The framework is not offered as an absolute representation of western-based typographic knowledge for cross-media application but instead should be considered as a signpost to help understand the current transition of knowledge between print and screen. Additionally, this framework has been developed and tested within a single educational environment. As a result, variations in teaching and learning styles were not taken into account. Audiences are urged to treat the framework as a 'work-in-progress' model that can be refined through additional field- testing in other educational environments. And finally, the application of the framework within a professional practice environment would require a comprehensive review of practice-based concerns and a further simplification of the framework.

Background: It has been suggested that compassion is aspirational, rather than a reflection of the reality of contemporary nursing practice. This notion is reflected through reported negative experiences of nursing care, encountered by individuals across a range of age groups and care contexts. In response, a political and professional reaffirmation has ensued to declare that compassion remains a core philosophy of nursing, although this provides limited articulation of what compassion entails. Furthermore, there is limited empirical research to explore compassion exclusively through the perceptions of individuals who have experienced nursing care, highlighting a gap in existing knowledge. Aim: The aim of the research was to address this gap in knowledge and develop a more comprehensive understanding of compassion in nursing. Specifically, the research aimed to explore compassion, exclusively, through the perceptions of individuals who had personal experience of nursing care. Methodology and Methods: A constructivist grounded theory methodology was implemented, influenced by the theoretical perspectives of symbolic interactionism and social constructionism. The target sample population comprised a group of individuals who were in an established role to contribute to teaching and learning strategies to undergraduate health students within the university setting. Applying a theoretical sampling strategy, data was collected via eleven individual interviews, a focus group discussion with three participants and three additional individual interviews. Data was analysed using initial, focused and advanced coding techniques, supported by constant comparative analysis. Findings: Five data categories were generated from analysis. This comprised the four major categories of Self-Propensity for Compassion, Attributes for Compassion, Socialising for Compassion, Conditions for Compassion and the core category of Humanising for Compassion. Advancing reflexivity to consider these data categories at a more conceptual level identified that compassion was fundamentally characterised by experiences of humanising approaches to nursing care, which were dependent upon the equilibrium of five interrelated elements of compassion. These elements comprised Character for Compassion, Competence for Compassion, Motivation for Compassion, Connecting for Compassion and Action for Compassion. The five elements of compassion were subject to further influence by three overarching principal dimensions of compassion, which comprised Compassionate Self, Compassionate Interactions with Others and Compassionate Situational Contexts. In order to reflect participant perceptions of the complex nature of compassion, a grounded theory was constructed and assimilated into The Model of Compassion for Humanising Nursing Care. The new theoretical insight gained from this model provides a more comprehensive understanding of what compassion in nursing involves, offering an original contribution to the existing knowledge base and a foundation from which to address emerging implications for practice and opportunities for future research.

Brain injury affects nearly 1.5 million people in the United States every year and estimated that 124,000 of those affected will have some form of long-term disability. Impaired Self Awareness (ISA) has been identified as one of the largest obstacles to successful brain injury rehabilitation and adaption to living with a brain injury. Research on the relationship between the awareness of individuals with acquired brain injury (IwABI) and their significant others has been inconsistent. This study examined the role IwABI and their significant others perception concordance&mdashagreement concerning functioning&mdashhas on maintenance of rehabilitation gains at a follow-up date after completion of adolescent brain injury rehabilitation services. Contrary to the hypotheses, the data showed a strong correlation (.872, p&le.01) and significant relationship (t=35, p&le.001) between IwABI and their significant others Functional Area Outcomes Menu (FAOM) scores at follow-up. There was no relationship between functioning at discharge and perception concordance at follow-up or time post-discharge and perception concordance at follow-up. Several explanations for the findings are provided along with suggestions for future investigation of the research subject.

Smart Homes (SHs), as subsets of the Internet of Things (IoT), make use of Machine Learning and Arti cial Intelligence tools to provide technology-enabled solutions which assist their occupants and users with their Activities of Daily Living (ADL). Some SH provide always-present, health management support and care services. Having these services provided at home enables SH occupants such as the elderly and disabled to continue to live in their own homes and localities thus aiding Ageing In Place goals and eliminating the need for them to be relocated in order to be able to continue receiving the same support and services. Introducing and interconnecting smart, autonomous systems in homes to enable these service provisions and Assistance Technologies (AT) requires that certain interfaces in, and connections to, SH are exposed to the Internet, among other public-facing networks. This introduces the potential for cyber-physical attacks to be perpetrated through, from and against SH. Apart from the actual threats posed by these attacks to SH occupants and their homes, the potential that these attacks might occur can adversely a ect the adoption or uptake of SH solutions. This thesis identi es key attributes of the di erent elements (things or nodes and rooms or zones) in SHs and the relationships that exist between these elements. These relationships can be used to build SH security baselines for SHs such that any deviations from this baseline is described as anomalous. The thesis demonstrates the application of these relationships to Anomaly Detection (AD) through the analysis of several hypothetical scenarios and the decisions reached about whether they are normal or anomalous. This thesis also proposes an Internet of Things Digital Forensics Framework (IDFF), a Forensics Edge Management System (FEMS), a FEMS Decision-Making Algorithm (FDMA) and an IoT Incident Response plan. These tools can be combined to provide proactive (autonomous and human-led) Digital Forensics services within cyber-physical environments like the Smart Home.

Background: UK ambulance clinicians are able only to terminate resuscitation attempts that have resulted in an asystolic (flat line) cardiac rhythm, following twenty minutes of advanced life support. All other attempted resuscitations must be transported to hospital for further treatment. Despite this, there are still large numbers of patients transported to hospital who do not survive. Thirteen studies were identified that purported to validate termination of resuscitation guidelines. This evidence could not be used to reduce the number of futile transportations to hospital of adult cardiac arrests of presumed cardiac aetiology within the geographical area of interest, due the variances in emergency medical systems. Methods: Binominal logistic regression identified variables associated with outcomes in a dataset of 4,870 adult cardiac arrests of presumed cardiac aetiology (Phase 1). The clinical decision rule was validated retrospectively against an independent dataset of 2139 patients (Phase 2). It was then validated prospectively (Phase 3). Finally, the financial benefit of introducing the guideline was assessed. Assumptions were made on the potential resources required to treat each patient and the impact from an acute care perspective was assessed as the difference in cost when applying the guideline, compared to current practice. Results: The clinical decision rule (terminate on scene if the initial rhythm was not shockable and there is no return of circulation) was shown in Phase 1 to have a specificity of 99.0% (95% CI: 97.7% to 99.7%) and sensitivity of 53.1% (95% CI: 51.6% to 54.6%). The transport rate was 52.4%. There were five (0.2%) unexpected survivors. This compared favourably with existing guidelines. In Phase 2 the guideline recommended termination for 832 patients. Of these, 829 (99.6%) died and three (0.4%) survived (Specificity = 99.1%, 95% CI: 97.4% to 99.8%, Sensitivity = 46.5%; 95% CI: 44.1% to 48.8%). The transportation rate was 60.7%, which was lower than for existing guidelines when applied to the same dataset. Of 656 patients in Phase 3, the guideline recommended termination of 162 patients. None of these survived to hospital discharge (Specificity = 100%, 95% CI: 95.6% to 100%, sensitivity = 29.3%, 95% CI: 25.6% to 33.4%). The transportation rate during this phase was 75.3%. When plotted on a ROC space, the guideline showed better predictive power, when compared to existing guidelines. The minimum cost saving was shown to be £33,739 per 1000 adult OHCA patients currently transported to hospital. Conclusion: Introducing the decision rule to the trust in question would reduce the number of transportations to hospital of adult patients suffering cardiac arrest of presumed cardiac aetiology. Further research is needed to apply the findings to other locations or emergency medical systems. In order to strengthen the validity of the tool, it should be assessed prospectively in either one large prospective study or several smaller studies, but within different settings. Ideally, to prevent bias, such a validation would be performed by a different research group.

This dissertation provides empirical evidence on the patterns of intra- and inter-regional transmission of information across 10 developed and 11 emerging markets in Asia, the Americas, Europe and Africa using both stock indices and stock index futures. First, the main channels of contagion are examined in the period from 2005 to 2014 through the analysis of return and volatility spillovers around the most recent crises based on the generalized vector autoregressive framework. The findings demonstrate that markets are more susceptible to domestic and region-specific volatility shocks than to inter-regional contagion. Second, the inter-regional spillovers across markets with non-overlapping trading hours are investigated using asymmetric causality test. The results demonstrate that the signal receiving markets are sensitive to both negative and positive volatility shocks, which reveals the asymmetric nature of volatility transmission channels. Third, this study explores the ability of foreign information to forecast returns on domestic market. The results have implications for international portfolio diversification. The spillovers between emerging and developed markets are weaker than between developed markets, consequently the benefits of international portfolio diversification are best achievable by investing in emerging markets in different geographical zones. The burst in spillovers during crisis episodes is verified, which is important for investors as during periods of turmoil diversification benefits are limited. A novel results reported in the study is a difference in patterns of international transmission between models employing indices and futures data. The study shows that futures data provide more efficient channels of information transmission, because the magnitude of return and volatility spillovers across futures is larger than across indices. The results presented in this dissertation suggest that the analysis of spillovers across stock index futures has important practical implications for the development of trading strategies. The findings are relevant to practitioners and policy makers to enhance their understanding of financial markets interconnectedness.

This thesis offers a new perspective on the nature and experience of parent-child relationships c.1450-1620. Focusing on correspondence and family papers from selected aristocracy and gentry families, it argues that authority in parent-child relationships was renegotiated throughout the life cycle, particularly at points of tension or crisis such as marriage or death. These ‘crisis points’ are episodes which show us the negotiations that took place around domestic authority and give a personal insight into the emotional responses of parents and children and the nature of authority within early modern society. This thesis addresses a gap in knowledge about the changing reciprocal nature of this relationship over the life course. It understands ‘parent’ and ‘child’ as relational statuses experienced differently at different points throughout the life cycle. These new definitions argue that ‘parent’ and ‘child’ were not statuses that were limited to a single life stage but impacted on an individual throughout life. It reveals that individuals were motivated by societal expectation of family roles and also exhibited a range of emotional responses in reaction to perceived threats to the smooth running of family life according to the rules and structures of age, gender and status. The expectations associated with being a parent or a child continued to shape the actions and behaviour of individuals well into adulthood, as loyalty and obedience between parents and children was challenged and renegotiated. The thesis also considers how different roles within the family could overlap, leading to conflict as family members sought to manage their obligations and responsibilities as parents, children, siblings or step-relations. The personal source material is put into context with legal records and conduct literature considering the conflict between ideals of family life and its lived experience.

Over the past decade, and particularly since the publication of The National Plan for Music Education (DfE, 2011), there has been increasing opportunity for community musicians in England to work with young people with challenging behaviour in Pupil Referral Units (PRUs) and in Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties (EBD) Units. This study identifies and discusses six key elements that influence community music delivery in these settings. These elements are: what the children bring, organizing structures, ideas and materials, focus and energy, reflection and reflexivity and the intentions of the leader. These elements emerged from the data collected through the study. This study combined action research and grounded theory. It employed a number of data collection methods, including participant observation, semi-structured interviews, focus group work and a literature review. The environment of PRUs and EBD Units are based on formal schooling but are both volatile and academically ineffective (Taylor, 2012). Community musicians, who frequently work outside the curriculum, need insights and understandings beyond traditional educational practice if they are to be successful in engaging children in these environments. Community music practice addresses not only musical but also personal and social development. This, and the nature of PRUs, and of the children within them, makes the work complex. Through understanding the role all six elements can play in shaping the child’s experience, the community musician can use this knowledge to develop programmes that address these children’s complex needs, allow them to place themselves at the centre of their own learning and encourage their ownership of their own creative expression. This can give them a sense of meaning for their own often troubled histories and may offer them a pathway to reconstructing their own self concept away from conferred negative identities as excluded children towards seeing themselves as learners and musicians.

The primary aim of this research is to develop my own critical perspective on oppression, marginalisation and education in Kerala, India. First, it critiques Freire’s educational thoughts including banking and problem-posing education; second, it goes on to extend Freire’s ideas to develop a dialogical methodology in the field of Education while addressing my fieldwork struggles and dialogues. Third, it addresses how Freire’s educational thoughts can also be critically understood to explore the oppressive and marginalizing nature of non-formal education and community work in Kerala; fourth, this thesis contributes to innovative knowledge mainly at theoretical, methodological and empirical levels.

This research takes a practice-based approach to exploring perceptual matters that often go unnoticed in the context of everyday lived experience. My approach focuses on the experiential possibilities of knowledge emerging through artistic enquiry, and uses a variety of modes (like textiles, sound, physical computing, programming, video and text) to be conducted and communicated. It examines scholarship in line with the ecological theory of perception, and is particularly informed by neurobiological research on sensory integration as well as by cultural theories that examine the role of sensory appreciation in perception. Different processes contributing to our perceptual experience are examined through the development of a touch-sensitive, sound-generating rug and its application in an experimental context. Participants’ interaction with the rug and its sonic output allows an insight into how they make sense of multisensory information via observation of how they physically respond to it. In creating possibilities for observing the two ends of the perceptual process (sensory input and behavioural output), the rug provides a platform for the study of what is intangible to the observer (perceptual activity) through what can actually be observed (physical activity). My analysis focuses on video recordings of the experimental process and data reports obtained from the software used for the sound generating performance of the rug. Its findings suggest that attentional focus, active exploration, and past experience actively affect the ability to integrate multisensory information and are crucial parameters for the formation of a meaningful percept upon which to act. Although relational to the set experimental conditions and the specificities of the experimental group, these findings are in resonance with current cross-disciplinary discourse on perception, and indicate that art research can be incorporated into the wider arena of neurophysiological and behavioural research to expand its span of resources and methods.