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Performance Evaluation and Optimization of Content Distribution using Overlay Networks / Leistungsbewertung und Optimierung von Overlay Netzwerken zum Verteilen großer DatenmengenLehrieder, Frank January 2013 (has links) (PDF)
The work presents a performance evaluation and optimization of so-called overlay networks for content distribution in the Internet. Chapter 1 describes the importance which have such networks in today's Internet, for example, for the transmission of video content. The focus of this work is on overlay networks based on the peer-to-peer principle. These are characterized by the fact that users who download content, also contribute to the distribution process by sharing parts of the data to other users. This enables efficient content distribution because each user not only consumes resources in the system, but also provides its own resources. Chapter 2 of the monograph contains a detailed description of the functionality of today's most popular overlay network BitTorrent. It explains the various components and their interaction. This is followed by an illustration of why such overlay networks for Internet service providers (ISPs) are problematic. The reason lies in the large amount of inter-ISP traffic that is produced by these overlay networks. Since this inter-ISP traffic leads to high costs for ISPs, they try to reduce it by improved mechanisms for overlay networks. One optimization approach is the use of topology awareness within the overlay networks. It provides users of the overlay networks with information about the underlying physical network topology. This allows them to avoid inter-ISP traffic by exchanging data preferrentially with other users that are connected to the same ISP. Another approach to save inter-ISP traffic is caching. In this case the ISP provides additional computers in its network, called caches, which store copies of popular content. The users of this ISP can then obtain such content from the cache. This prevents that the content must be retrieved from locations outside of the ISP's network, and saves costly inter-ISP traffic in this way. In the third chapter of the thesis, the results of a comprehensive measurement study of overlay networks, which can be found in today's Internet, are presented. After a short description of the measurement methodology, the results of the measurements are described. These results contain data on a variety of characteristics of current P2P overlay networks in the Internet. These include the popularity of content, i.e., how many users are interested in specific content, the evolution of the popularity and the size of the files. The distribution of users within the Internet is investigated in detail. Special attention is given to the number of users that exchange a particular file within the same ISP. On the basis of these measurement results, an estimation of the traffic savings that can achieved by topology awareness is derived. This new estimation is of scientific and practical importance, since it is not limited to individual ISPs and files, but considers the whole Internet and the total amount of data exchanged in overlay networks. Finally, the characteristics of regional content are considered, in which the popularity is limited to certain parts of the Internet. This is for example the case of videos in German, Italian or French language. Chapter 4 of the thesis is devoted to the optimization of overlay networks for content distribution through caching. It presents a deterministic flow model that describes the influence of caches. On the basis of this model, it derives an estimate of the inter-ISP traffic that is generated by an overlay network, and which part can be saved by caches. The results show that the influence of the cache depends on the structure of the overlay networks, and that caches can also lead to an increase in inter-ISP traffic under certain circumstances. The described model is thus an important tool for ISPs to decide for which overlay networks caches are useful and to dimension them. Chapter 5 summarizes the content of the work and emphasizes the importance of the findings. In addition, it explains how the findings can be applied to the optimization of future overlay networks. Special attention is given to the growing importance of video-on-demand and real-time video transmissions. / Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Leistungsbewertung und Optimierung von sogenannten Overlay-Netzwerken zum Verteilen von großen Datenmengen im Internet. Im Kapitel 1 der Arbeit wird die große Bedeutung erläutert, die solche Netzwerke im heutigen Internet haben, beispielsweise für die Übertragung von Video-Inhalten. Im Fokus der Arbeit liegen Overlay-Netzwerke, die auf dem Peer-to-peer Prinzip basieren. Diese zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass Nutzer, die Inhalte herunterladen, auch gleichzeitig an dem Verteilprozess teilnehmen, indem sie Teile der Daten an andere Nutzer weitergeben. Dies ermöglicht eine effiziente Verteilung der Daten, weil jeder Nutzer nicht nur Ressourcen im System belegt, sondern auch eigene Ressourcen einbringt. Kapitel 2 der Arbeit enthält eine detaillierte Beschreibung der Funktionsweise des heute populärsten Overlay-Netzwerks BitTorrent. Es werden die einzelnen Komponenten erläutert und deren Zusammenspiel erklärt. Darauf folgt eine Darstellung, warum solche Overlay-Netzwerke für Internet-Anbieter (Internet service provider, ISP) problematisch sind. Der Grund dafür liegt in der großen Menge an Inter-ISP Verkehr, den diese Overlays erzeugen. Da solcher Inter-ISP Verkehr zu hohen Kosten für ISPs führt, versuchen diese den Inter-ISP Verkehr zu reduzieren, indem sie die Mechanismen der Overlay-Netzwerke optimieren. Ein Ansatz zur Optimierung ist die Verwendung von Topologiebewusstsein innerhalb der Overlay-Netzwerke. Dabei erhalten die Nutzer der Overlay-Netzwerke Informationen über die zugrunde liegende, physikalische Netzwerktopologie. Diese ermöglichen es ihnen, Inter-ISP Verkehr zu vermeiden, indem sie Daten bevorzugt mit anderen Nutzern austauschen, die mit dem gleichen ISP verbunden sind. Ein weiterer Ansatz, um Inter-ISP Verkehr einzusparen, ist Caching. Dabei stellt der ISP zusätzliche Rechner, sogenannte Caches, in seinem Netzwerk zur Verfügung, die Kopien populärer Inhalte zwischenspeichern. Die Nutzer dieses ISP können solche Inhalte nun von den Caches beziehen. Dies verhindert, dass populäre Inhalte mehrfach von außerhalb des betrachteten ISPs bezogen werden müssen, und spart so kostenintensiven Inter-ISP Verkehr ein. Im dritten Kapitel der Arbeit werden Ergebnisse einer umfassenden Messung von Overlay-Netzwerken vorgestellt, wie sie heute im Internet anzutreffen sind. Nach einer kurzen Darstellung der bei der Messung verwendeten Methodik werden die Resultate der Messungen beschrieben. Diese Ergebnisse enthalten Daten über eine Vielzahl von Eigenschaften von heutigen P2P-basierten Overlay-Netzwerken im Internet. Dazu zählen die Popularität von Inhalten, d.h., wie viele Nutzer an bestimmten Inhalten interessiert sind, die zeitliche Entwicklung der Popularität und die Größe der Daten. Im Detail wird auch die Verteilung der Nutzer über das Internet analysiert. Ein besonderes Augenmerk liegt dabei auf der Anzahl der Nutzer, die gleichzeitig und im Netz desselben ISP eine bestimmte Datei tauschen. Auf der Basis dieser Messergebnisse wird eine Abschätzung durchgeführt, welches Einsparpotential die Optimierung von Overlay-Netzwerken durch Topologiebewusstsein bietet. Diese neuartige Abschätzung ist von wissenschaftlicher und praktischer Bedeutung, da sie sich nicht auf einzelne ISPs und Dateien beschränkt, sondern des gesamte Internet und die Menge aller in Overlay-Netzwerken verfügbaren Dateien umfasst. Schließlich werden die Besonderheiten von regionalen Inhalten betrachtet, bei denen sich die Popularität auf bestimmte Teile des Internets beschränkt. Dies ist beispielsweise bei Videos in deutscher, italienischer oder französischer Sprache der Fall. Kapitel 4 der Arbeit widmet sich der Optimierung von Overlay-Netzwerken zum Verteilen großer Datenmengen durch Caching. Es wird ein deterministisches Flussmodel entwickelt, das den Einfluss von Caches beschreibt. Auf der Basis dieses Modells leitet er eine Abschätzung des Inter-ISP Verkehrs ab, der von einem Overlay-Netzwerk erzeugt wird, und welcher Teil davon durch Caches eingespart werden kann. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Einfluss von Caches von der Struktur der Overlay-Netzwerke abhängt und dass Caches unter bestimmten Umständen auch zu einem erhöhten Inter-ISP Verkehr führen können. Das beschriebene Modell ist somit ein wichtiges Hilfsmittel für ISPs um zu entscheiden, für welche Overlay-Netzwerke Caches sinnvoll sind, und um diese anschließend richtig zu dimensionieren. Kapitel 5 fasst den Inhalt der Arbeit zusammen und stellt die Bedeutung der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse heraus. Abschließend wird erläutert, in welcher Weise die in der Arbeit beschriebenen Ergebnisse wichtige Grundlagen für die Optimierung von zukünftigen Overlay-Netzwerken darstellen werden. Dabei wird besonders auf die wachsende Bedeutung von Video-On-Demand und Echt-Zeit Video-Übertragungen eingegangen.
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Converging an Overlay Network to a Gradient TopologyTerelius, Håkan, Shi, Guodong, Dowling, Jim, Payberah, Amir, Gattami, Ather, Johansson, Karl Henrik January 2011 (has links)
In this paper, we investigate the topology convergence problem for the gossip-based Gradient overlay network. In an overlay network where each node has a local utility value, a Gradient overlay network is characterized by the properties that each node has a set of neighbors containing higher utility values, such that paths of increasing utilities emerge in the network topology. The Gradient overlay network is built using gossiping and a preference function that samples from nodes using a uniform random peer sampling service. We analyze it using tools from matrix analysis, and we prove both the necessary and sufficient conditions for convergence to a complete gradient structure, as well as estimating the convergence time. Finally, we show in simulations the potential of the Gradient overlay, by building a more efficient live-streaming peer-to-peer (P2P) system than one built using uniform random peer sampling. / <p>© 2011 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works. QC 20111124</p>
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Polarimétrie de Mueller résolue angulairementFallet, Clément 18 October 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Avec la diminution constante de la taille des transistors dans la microélectronique, les outils de caractérisation doivent être de plus en plus précis et doivent fournir un débit de plus en plus élevé. La fabrication de semi-conducteurs étant un processus couche par couche, le positionnement précis de la pile est crucial. Le mauvais alignement de la pile est appelé overlay, et nous proposons ici un nouvel instrument et une nouvelle méthode pour caractériser avec précision l'overlay en mesurant une cible unique construite dans les lignes de découpe. La méthode utilise les propriétés fondamentales de symétrie de la matrice de Mueller mesurée dans le plan focal arrière d'un objectif de microscope à grande ouverture numérique et permet une caractérisation de l'overlay avec une incertitude de mesure totale de 2nm. Après une brève introduction à la polarisation et la matrice de Mueller, nous décrivons la nouvelle conception de l'instrument et son étalonnage complet. Le corps principal de ce manuscrit est dédié à la caractérisation de l'overlay, mais les applications de cet instrument sont très diverses aussi détaillerons nous comment notre instrument peut apporter des pistes pour la caractérisation et la compréhension de l'auto-organisation de l'exosquelette des scarabées. Ces coléoptères présentent un très fort dichroïsme circulaire et de nombreux groupes de recherche dans le monde entier essaient d'imiter leur exosquelette. Nous concluons ce manuscrit par un bref aperçu des principales perspectives pour notre instrument.
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Implementations of a Merging Mechanism for Multiple Video Surveillances in TCP NetworksSung, Yi-Cheng 11 July 2012 (has links)
This thesis proposes a merging mechanism for multiple video surveillances in TCP networks. Merging video streams not only can benefit network administration but also reduce the waste of bandwidth. In this thesis, we design a Video-Merging Gateway (VMG) between cameras and control center to merge two video streams transmitted from cameras and received by control center. In the merging mechanism, we develop two modes: Interleave and Overlay. Interleave mode includes two operation types: Single Frame and Proportional. The former merges video streams by interleaving frames one by one from two cameras, and the latter merges video streams according to an FPS (frame per second) ratio between two cameras. Overlay mode vertically displays two video streams in separate frames on the web browser. We implement VMG on a Linux platform. In the interleave mode, we recalculate both the sequence number and the Ack number of a video packet, and create Ack packet for dropped frames while merging two TCP video streams. In the overlay mode, we modify the decoding messages in the frames and separate data between two video streams to avoid decoding errors. Finally, we analyze the complexity of merging algorithms. By carefully determining the timing for responding the created Ack based on Retransmission Time Out (RTO), packet retransmition can be avoided. In addition, we found out that the number of instructions to execute the algorithm is increased by multiple integers along with the picture sizes under interleave mode. As for overlay mode, the number of instructions is increased linearly along with the payload length and the total amount of data and Ack packets.
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On the interactions of overlay routingLee, Gene Moo 24 August 2015 (has links)
Overlay routing has been successful as an incremental method to improve the current Internet routing by allowing users to select the Internet paths by themselves. By its nature, overlay routing has selfish behavior, which makes impact on the related components of the Internet routing. In this thesis, we study three interactions related to overlay routing. First, overlay routing changes the traffic patterns observed by the network operating side, which uses traffic engineering techniques to cope with the dynamic traffic demands. We improve this vertical interaction between overlay routing and traffic engineering. Secondly, the performance of overlay routing may be affected by the action of other coexisting overlays. An initial result on the horizontal interaction among multiple overlays is given. Lastly, within a single overlay network, overlay nodes can be regarded as independent decision makers, who act strategically to maximize individual gain. We design an incentive-based framework to achieve Pareto-optimality in the internal interaction of overlay routing.
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Design of a Forensic Overlay Model for Application DevelopmentKe, LinLin January 2011 (has links)
Forensics capability is becoming increasingly important for the enterprise/network environment. Therefore, businesses need to find an optimised forensics solution that suits the high level business/forensics requirements. However, most businesses are still staying with the conventional method of digital investigation, which means using forensics tools to retrieve evidential data from the target system. Many businesses lack a comprehensive model to help understand the forensics requirements on different levels. Also, businesses lack a method to integrate and manage forensics knowledge into daily operation.
In this research, a forensics overlay is being developed on an existing business framework – SABSA model. The overlay helps different business roles to understand and apply forensics knowledge into their daily tasks. With help of the overlay, businesses are able to reduce the overreliance on the third party forensics tools through developing their own forensically sound applications. To test the theory of forensically sound application development, and evaluate the usability of the overlay, a forensically sound email client is designed and developed accordingly.
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Improved Overlay Alignment of Thin-film Transistors and their Electrical Behaviour for Flexible Display TechnologyPathirane, Minoli 06 November 2014 (has links)
The integration of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin-film transistors (TFTs) with plastic substrates enables emerging technologies such as flexible organic light emitting diode (OLED) displays. Current a-Si fabrication processes, however, create residual thin film stress that affects the underlying flexible substrate due to its high mismatch in the coefficient of thermal expansion resulting in a dimensional instability for fabricating TFTs on large area flexible substrates. The motivation of this thesis is to reduce this non-uniformity and improve fabrication throughput of bottom-gated inverted-staggered a-Si:H TFTs on flexible substrates. This thesis therefore encompasses the study of overlay misalignment on TFTs over 3 inch flexible substrates and investigates the electrical characteristics of the TFTs fabricated on plastic platforms.
To reduce overlay misalignment of TFTs fabricated on flexible substrates, a plastic-on-carrier lamination process has been developed. The technique comprises of a polyimide tape to attach a 125 um-thick poly-ethylene-napthalate (PEN) flexible substrate to a rigid carrier. This process has been used to minimize stress induced strain of the PEN substrate during the fabrication process; strain, which has been observed after processing a-Si:H TFTs on free-standing substrates. This technique would in turn assist in fabricating uniform stacked-layers as required for a-Si:H TFT fabrication on the PEN substrates. Overlay misalignment is measured after each of the 5 consecutive lithographic steps at 4 corner-most edges of the PEN substrates using a standard optical microscope. Results have shown an overlay misalignment reduction from 21 um to 2 um on average based on the TFTs fabricated on free-standing flexible substrates while ensuring a centre alignment accuracy of +/- 0.5 um. Post fabrication adhesive removal to separate the PEN substrate from the rigid carrier has been accomplished by sample immersion in acetone. The results present a significant increase in fabrication throughput by reducing lithographic overlay misalignment such that the resolution of large-area flexible electronics would be enhanced. Electrical characteristics show the average performance of a-Si:H TFTs with an ON/OFF current ratio of 10^8, field effect mobility of ~0.8 cm^2/Vs, and gate leakage current of 10^-13 A.
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Wortels onder een kunstgebit, behouden?Jonkman, Ronald Edwin Gaston, Plooij, Jacobus, January 1992 (has links)
Thesis (doctoral)--Katholieke Universiteit, Nijmegen, 1992. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 229-241).
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Wortels onder een kunstgebit, behouden?Jonkman, Ronald Edwin Gaston, Plooij, Jacobus, January 1992 (has links)
Thesis (doctoral)--Katholieke Universiteit, Nijmegen, 1992. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 229-241).
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Overlay network mechanisms for peer-to-peer systemsDarlagiannis, Vasilios. Unknown Date (has links)
Techn. University, Diss., 2005--Darmstadt.
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