Spelling suggestions: "subject:"supersaturation"" "subject:"undersaturation""
1 |
Development and Applications of Multi-Objectives Signal Control Strategy during Oversaturated ConditionsAdam, Zaeinulabddin Mohamed Ahmed 28 September 2012 (has links)
Managing traffic during oversaturated conditions is a current challenge for practitioners due to the lack of adequate tools that can handle such situations. Unlike under-saturated conditions, operation of traffic signal systems during congestion requires careful consideration and analysis of the underlying causes of the congestion before developing mitigation strategies. The objectives of this research are to provide a practical guidance for practitioners to identify oversaturated scenarios and to develop a multi-objective methodology for selecting and evaluating mitigation strategy/ or combinations of strategies based on a guiding principles. The research focused on traffic control strategies that can be implemented by traffic signal systems. The research did not considered strategies that deals with demand reduction or seek to influence departure time choice, or route choice. The proposed timing methodology starts by detecting network's critical routes as a necessary step to identify the traffic patterns and potential problematic scenarios. A wide array of control strategies are defined and categorized to address oversaturation problematic scenarios. A timing procedure was then developed using the principles of oversaturation timing in cycle selection, split allocation, offset design, demand overflow, and queue allocation in non-critical links. Three regimes of operation were defined and considered in oversaturation timing: (1) loading, (2) processing, and (3) recovery. The research also provides a closed-form formula for switching control plans during the oversaturation regimes. The selection of optimal control plan is formulated as linear integer programming problem. Microscopic simulation results of two arterial test cases revealed that traffic control strategies developed using the proposed framework led to tangible performance improvements when compared to signal control strategies designed for operations in under-saturated conditions. The generated control plans successfully manage to allocate queues in network links. / Ph. D.
|
2 |
Carbon dioxide dynamics in agricultural streams : Investigation of two streams draining catchments dominated by agricultural landBostner, Albin January 2020 (has links)
In recent years, streams draining agricultural land has been suggested to exhibit high carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations when compared to streams draining other land-types. The transport of carbon from land to ocean is mainly occurring through the chain of inland waters, and with agricultural land today representing 40% of all continental area many of these inland waters are influenced by agricultural land. The aim of this study was to improve the understanding of CO2 dynamics and its control in agricultural streams. Continuous data was collected from two catchments of different scales, near the city of Uppsala, Sweden. Both catchments are typical low-land catchments largely dominated by agricultural land. The measured CO2 concentrations were analyzed to find temporal variations and differences in dynamics between the catchments. The interplay between CO2 and parameters such as dissolved oxygen, discharge and conductivity were analyzed to determine the main drivers for CO2 dynamics. The findings show supersaturation of CO2 concentration during the full length of the measurement periods, with mean CO2 concentrations higher than what have been observed in streams draining other land-type catchments. Diel CO2 cycles were found throughout most of the measurement periods, where manual measurements were conducted to confirm these findings. The diel CO2 patterns were suggested to be heavily dependent on in-situ metabolic control while hydrological factors, such as sufficient discharge, seemed to be needed to produce a good diel CO2 signal. CO2 build-up is suggested to occur in the catchment soil and, when flushed out after rain events, result in an increasing CO2 concentration. This might be one important driver for the high levels in CO2 concentration found in the streams during summer and autumn. Analysis of the catchment areas suggest the percentage of agricultural land and the size of the catchment areas had an impact on hydrology, both for sufficient water flow to exist but also for the CO2 response after rain events. More research is encouraged, where more parameters should be investigated, such as groundwater inputs and carbonate precipitation. / Bäckar som dränerar åkermark har under de senaste åren blivit mer uppmärksammade på grund av nya studier som visat att dessa bäckar tenderar att ha högre CO2-koncentration än bäckar som dränerar andra marktyper. Idag utgör cirka 40% av all kontinentalyta åkermark, då den huvudsakliga transporten av kol från land till hav sker genom sammankopplade vattendrag är därav en förståelse av åkermarkers dränering till bäckar av stor betydelse. Syftet med studien var att förbättra förståelsen av CO2-dynamiken och dess påverkan på bäckar i jordbruksdominerade avrinningsområden. Kontinuerlig data samlades in, samt erhölls från tidigare mätningar, från två avrinningsområden med olika storlekar och markfördelningar nära Uppsala. Båda avrinningsområdena var typiska låglands- avrinningsområden som dominerades av åkermark. Data för CO2-koncentration analyserades för att hitta kort- och långsiktiga variationer i CO2-dynamiken samt undersöka hur denna dynamik skiljer sig mellan avrinningsområden med olika storlek och markfördelning. Samspelet mellan CO2 och parametrar såsom vattenlösligt syre, vattenföring och konduktivitet analyserades för att hitta drivkrafter bakom CO2-dynamiken. Resultatet visar att de undersökta bäckarna var övermättade med CO2 under hela mätperioden, samt att medelkoncentrationerna som uppmättes var högre än vad som observerats i bäckar som dränerar andra landtyper. En dygnsvariation av CO2 observerades under större delar av mätperioderna, manuella prover utfördes för att stärka denna data. Den observerade dygnscykeln av CO2-koncentrationen konstaterades korrelera med den in-situ metaboliska kontrollen medan hydrologiska faktorer, såsom ett tillräckligt högt vattenflöde, visade sig var viktigt för att en CO2-dygnscykel ska existera. De mycket höga toppar av CO2-koncentration som observerats under mätningarna tros bero på ackumulering av CO2 i avrinningsområdenas marker, vilket under nederbörd utarmas och transporteras till bäcken. Vid jämförelse av de två avrinningsområdena föreslogs den procentuella andelen åkermark och storleken av avrinningsområdet ha en stor påverkan på hydrologin, både för att ett tillräckligt vattenflöde ska existera men också för CO2-responsen vid större nederbördsmängder. Mer forskning behövs där fler parametrar börs ta i beaktning, till exempel in-situ karbonutfällning och inflöde av CO2 via grundvatten, för att få en bättre bild över åkermarkens påverkan på CO2-dynamik i bäckar.
|
Page generated in 0.0757 seconds