Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-09-27T14:22:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertac...pdf: 4004750 bytes, checksum: c28f16763d698bcdf286109327f4a3a0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-27T14:22:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertac...pdf: 4004750 bytes, checksum: c28f16763d698bcdf286109327f4a3a0 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica, Niterói, RJ / A porção equatorial Oeste do Atlântico Sul é uma região-chave para o estudo das variabilidades climáticas, já que esta área é a principal saída de calor e sal para as altas latitudes do hemisfério norte através da Corrente Norte do Brasil. Esta transferência inter-hemisférica é um dos fatores cruciais para o funcionamento da circulação termohalina no oceano Atlântico, conhecida como Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Baseado nisto, o objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma reconstrução da temperatura da superfície do mar (TSM) ao longo dos últimos 40.000 anos, em um intervalo que engloba o Ultimo Máximo Glacial (UMG) e o Holoceno. Para isto, foram empregados três testemunho sedimentares recuperados na margem Nordeste do Brasil. Dois destes testemunhos (MC 17/2 e MC 11/1) tiveram sua cronologia combinada, para juntos formarem um registro único do Holoceno. O terceiro testemunho (MC 10/3) enfoca o UMG e a fase de degelo até o início do Holoceno. Como proxies para a reconstrução paleoceanográfica da TSM foram empregados o isótopo estável de oxigênio (δ18Oc) do foraminífero planctônico Globigerinoides ruber (branco 250 – 300 μm), a Técnica do Análogo Moderno (TAM) e a análise faunística da assembleia de foraminíferos planctônicos na fração 150 μm. Os resultados para o UMG mostram a existência de dois cenários distintos que se separam em 21 k anos AP. Antes desta data condições mais frias na ordem de 2 ºC existiram na região, como ficou evidenciado pelos valores mais positivos do δ18Oc, pelas menores TSM reconstruídas pela TAM e pela maior abundância de foraminíferos planctônicos relacionados a produtividade e profundidade, como Globigerina glutinata, Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, Globorotalia truncatulinoides (dextral e sinistral) e Globorotalia inflata. Após 21 k anos AP uma forte transição ocorre no δ18Oc e na abundância absoluta de foraminíferos planctônicos, indicando a entrada de condições mais quentes na região, principalmente durante o evento Heinrich 1 (H1) e o Younger Dryas (YD). Este intervalo, que inclui a fase de degelo e parte do Holoceno é marcado pela redução das espécies relacionada a produtividade e profundidade e pelo aumento das espécies de águas quentes e superficiais. O retorno da espécie Globorotalia menardii em 21 k anos AP pode indicar a reativação do transporte de águas quentes do Oceano Índico para o Atlântico Sul realizado pela Corrente das Agulhas durante a fase de degelo. Os dados apresentados aqui demonstram que o Atlântico equatorial Oeste responde a entrada de água doce no Atlântico Norte e ao transporte de águas quentes via Corrente das Agulhas, e que o balanço destes dois fatores foi crucial para o retorno da AMOC no fim do UMG. Os resultados para o Holoceno mostraram que a região vem sofrendo um aumento progressivo da TSM da ordem de 1 ºC principalmente após o Holoceno médio, onde alterações nos padrões orbitais podem ter modificado a distribuição da energia solar no planeta. Análises espectrais sobre os dados mostram uma série de periodicidade quase cíclicas centradas em 4.1 – 3.8 kyr, 1.5 – 1.0 kyr, ~ 700 yr, 570 – 560 yr, ~ 390 yr, ~350 yr e ~ 330 yr e podem refletir a ação de forçantes climáticas externa (variabilidade solar) e internas (sistema oceano-atmosfera) transmitidas pela circulação termohalina globalmente. / The western equatorial Atlantic is a key region for the study of climate variability, as this area is the main source of heat and salt toward high latitudes of northern Atlantic through the North Brazil Current. This interhemispheric transfer is one of the crucial factors for the thermohaline circulation in the Atlantic Ocean, known as Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Based on this, the aim of this work is to show a reconstruction of sea surface temperature (SST) over the last 40,000 years, into a range that comprises the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and Holocene. For this, we used three sedimentary records recovered in Northeast Brazilian margin. Two of these records (MC 17/2 e MC 11/1) were combined to generate a single record of Holocene. The last record comprises the LGM until the early Holocene. As proxies for the reconstruction of SST were employed the oxygen stable isotope (δ18Oc) of planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber (white 250 – 300 μm), the Modern Analogue Technique (MAT) and the assemblage of planktonic foraminifera in the size-fraction of 150 μm. The results for the LGM showed the existence of two different scenarios that were separated at 21 kyr BP. The heavier oxygen values recorded prior to 21 kyr BP demonstrated that the Last Glacial Maximum was up to 2ºC colder than Holocene. After 21 kyr BP, a strong shift to lighter values indicated the onset of warmer conditions during deglacial, especially during Heinrich event 1 and the Younger Dryas. The planktonic foraminifera assemblage as species related to productive or deep waters confirmed the conditions indicated by the oxygen composition; i.e., Globigerinita glutinata, Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, Globorotalia truncatulinoides (left and right coiling) and Globorotalia inflata were more abundant prior to 21 kyr BP. With the increase in the sea surface temperature after 21 kyr BP, the abundance of these species was reduced, particularly for G. glutinata and G. inflata, and the abundance of species found in warmer waters increased, especially for Globigerinella siphonifera. The species Globorotalia menardii, which was absent in the Last Glacial Maximum, reappeared after 21 kyr BP, which may have been a response to the Agulhas Leakage that released warmer waters into the South Atlantic at the beginning of deglacial. The data presented here indicate that the western equatorial Atlantic responded to the meltwater pulse at high latitudes of the northern Atlantic and to warm waters from the Indian Ocean. The balance between these two factors was crucial to the development of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at the end of the LGM. The results of Holocene showed that the region has suffered a gradual increase in SST of around 1 ºC, mainly after the mid-Holocene, where changes orbital patterns may have changed the distribution of solar energy on the planet. Spectral analyzes on the data demonstrated a series of periodicities centered at 4.1 – 3.8 kyr, 1.5 – 1.0 kyr, ~ 700 yr, 570 – 560 yr, ~ 390 yr, ~350 yr e ~ 330 yr and can be related of climate forcing transmitted globally by the thermohaline circulation.

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In Mitteleuropa werden zukünftig häufigere Trocken- und Hitzeperioden mit wirtschaftlichen Einbußen in der Waldwirtschaft erwartet. Die Douglasie (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) wird als Alternative für die wirtschaftlich bedeutsame, jedoch trockenheitsempfindliche Fichte diskutiert (Picea abies (L.) H.Karst.). Zwei Unterarten, die Küsten- (FDC) und die Inlandsdouglasie (FDI), sind im ausgedehnten natürlichen Verbreitungsgebiet in Nordamerika beheimatet, welches ein großes Potenzial für die Auswahl produktiver und trockenresistenter Herkünfte bietet. Unser Ziel war, die Trockenreaktion verschiedener Douglasienherkünfte unter Verknüpfung morphologischer und physiologischer Parameter und die der Trockenheitsresistenz bzw. -empfindlichkeit zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen zu erforschen. Ein Herkunftsversuch in Südwestdeutschland ermöglichte die Untersuchung 50-jähriger Douglasien verschiedener Herkünfte entlang eines Höhengradienten. Unter kontrollierten Bedingungen simulierten wir die Effekte einer Hitzewelle auf Jungbäume zweier Provenienzen. Wir analysierten die Kohlenstoff- und Sauerstoff-Stabilisotopenzusammensetzung, den Gaswechsel der Blätter, Veränderungen im Stoffwechsel und das Baumwachstum. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen bei FDC aus humiden Regionen hohe Wachstumseinbußen unter Trockenheit und moderat bis stark verringerte stomatäre Leitfähigkeit, unterstützt durch Photoprotektion. FDC aus Regionen mit starker Sommertrockenheit reagierten kaum mit Stomataschluss und Wachstumseinbußen auf Trockenheit, jedoch mit starker Osmoregulation und Monoterpen-Emissionen, welche zur Trockenresistenz beitragen könnten. FDI aus einer ariden Region zeigten hohe An, geringes Wachstum und stark antioxidative und photoprotektive Mechanismen. Die Herkünfte unterscheiden sich stark in ihrer Trockenreaktion und ihren Schutzmechanismen. Der Anbau trockenresistenter Herkünfte wird an Standorten von Vorteil sein, für die eine Häufung von ariden Sommerperioden vorhergesagt wird. / In Central Europe, more frequent periods of dry and hot weather are expected in the future with economic losses in the forestry sector. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) is discussed as a timber species alternative to the economically important but drought-sensitive spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.). Two subspecies, the coastal (FDC) and the interior Douglas-fir (FDI), are native to an extensive natural range in North America, offering a great potential for the selection of productive and drought tolerant provenances. Our goal was to investigate the drought response of different Douglas-fir provenances on the morphological and physiological level, as well as the mechanisms underlying drought resistance or susceptibility. A provenance trial in southwestern Germany established in 1958 allowed the study of 50-year-old Douglas-fir trees of diverse provenances along a height gradient. Under controlled conditions, we simulated the effects of a heat wave on young trees of two provenances. We analyzed carbon and oxygen stable isotopic composition, leaf gas exchange, changes in metabolism and tree growth. FDC from humid regions responded to drought with strong growth decline and a medium to strong stomatal closure, supported by enhanced instantaneous photoprotection. FDC from regions with very dry summer conditions showed a small growth decline and anisohydric regulation of stomatal conductance under drought, supported by high levels of osmotic adjustment. High monoterpene emissions might contribute to the drought resistance. FDI from an arid region showed high assimilation rates, low growth potential and a high antioxidant, photoprotective, drought and heat protective potential. The provenances differ greatly in their dry reaction and their protective mechanisms. The cultivation of drought resistant crops will be beneficial at sites predicted to accumulate arid summer periods.