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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE SENSITIVITY OF OZONE TO NITROGEN OXIDES AND VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN TWO DISSIMILAR METROPOLITAN AREAS OF NORTH AMERICA: CINCINNATI, OH (U.S.A.) AND MEXICO CITY, DF (MEXICO)

TORRES JARDÓN, RICARDO January 2004 (has links)
No description available.
2

Study of Ozone Sensitivity to Precursors at High Spatial Resolution Using the Modified CMAQ-ADJ Model

Dang, Hongyan January 2012 (has links)
In this thesis, I apply the adjoint for the Community Multiscale Air Quality model (hereafter CMAQ-ADJ) in a high spatial resolution study of the sensitivity of ozone to several of its precursors in the regions surrounding the Great Lakes. CMAQ-ADJ was originally developed for low spatial resolution applications. In order to use it in high spatial resolution (12 km) studies, it was necessary to resolve a conflict between the pre-set fixed output time step interval in CMAQ-ADJ and the CMAQ-calculated irregular synchronization time-step and also to modify the meteorological interface for the backward model integrations. To increase computation efficiency, the chemistry time-step in the modified CMAQ-ADJ is checkpointed instead of being re-calculated in the backward part of the model as before. I used the modified model to analyze the sensitivity of ozone to precursor species for cases of assumed high ozone episode in two target locations in southwestern and east-central Ontario. The studies examined the influence of pre-existing ozone, NO, CO, anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and isoprene on ozone level changes for the 69 hours immediately preceding the assumed high ozone event. The results are dominated by the long-distance advection, local meteorology (lake breezes), air temperature, the underlying surface features, and emissions in the pollutant pathway. Both production and titration of ozone by NOx is evident at different times and locations in the simulations. The industrial Midwest U.S. and Ohio Valley have been shown to be an important source of anthropogenic emission of NO and most VOCs that contribute to high ozone events in southwestern and east-central Ontario. Isoprene from the northern forest suppresses ozone in both target regions, with a greater magnitude in east-central Ontario. The response of ozone level in the two selected receptor regions in Ontario to different VOCs depends on the type of VOC, the time and location they are emitted, and the air temperature. Increasing VOC emissions in urban areas such as Toronto and Ottawa in the morning can enhance the ozone level by late afternoon. Increasing VOCs except ethylene and formaldehyde in regions with large VOC/NOx ratio in the morning tends to suppress the ozone level by late afternoon. Among all the species examined, NO has the largest impact on the target ozone level changes. CO is very unlikely to significantly influence the ozone level changes in southwestern or east-central Ontario.
3

Study of Ozone Sensitivity to Precursors at High Spatial Resolution Using the Modified CMAQ-ADJ Model

Dang, Hongyan January 2012 (has links)
In this thesis, I apply the adjoint for the Community Multiscale Air Quality model (hereafter CMAQ-ADJ) in a high spatial resolution study of the sensitivity of ozone to several of its precursors in the regions surrounding the Great Lakes. CMAQ-ADJ was originally developed for low spatial resolution applications. In order to use it in high spatial resolution (12 km) studies, it was necessary to resolve a conflict between the pre-set fixed output time step interval in CMAQ-ADJ and the CMAQ-calculated irregular synchronization time-step and also to modify the meteorological interface for the backward model integrations. To increase computation efficiency, the chemistry time-step in the modified CMAQ-ADJ is checkpointed instead of being re-calculated in the backward part of the model as before. I used the modified model to analyze the sensitivity of ozone to precursor species for cases of assumed high ozone episode in two target locations in southwestern and east-central Ontario. The studies examined the influence of pre-existing ozone, NO, CO, anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and isoprene on ozone level changes for the 69 hours immediately preceding the assumed high ozone event. The results are dominated by the long-distance advection, local meteorology (lake breezes), air temperature, the underlying surface features, and emissions in the pollutant pathway. Both production and titration of ozone by NOx is evident at different times and locations in the simulations. The industrial Midwest U.S. and Ohio Valley have been shown to be an important source of anthropogenic emission of NO and most VOCs that contribute to high ozone events in southwestern and east-central Ontario. Isoprene from the northern forest suppresses ozone in both target regions, with a greater magnitude in east-central Ontario. The response of ozone level in the two selected receptor regions in Ontario to different VOCs depends on the type of VOC, the time and location they are emitted, and the air temperature. Increasing VOC emissions in urban areas such as Toronto and Ottawa in the morning can enhance the ozone level by late afternoon. Increasing VOCs except ethylene and formaldehyde in regions with large VOC/NOx ratio in the morning tends to suppress the ozone level by late afternoon. Among all the species examined, NO has the largest impact on the target ozone level changes. CO is very unlikely to significantly influence the ozone level changes in southwestern or east-central Ontario.
4

Sensibilidade da formação do ozônio troposférico às emissões veiculares na região metropolitana de São Paulo / Tropospheric ozone formation sensitivity to vehicle emission in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo

Martins, Leila Droprinchinski 02 February 2007 (has links)
Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a sensibilidade da formação do ozônio troposférico às emissões veiculares de compostos orgânicos voláteis (COVs) e NOx na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP). Essa avaliação foi realizada através de modelagem numérica com modelo de qualidade do ar fotoquímico tridimensional. Para a determinação da especiação dos COVs veiculares foram realizadas duas campanhas intensivas de medidas em túneis da cidade de São Paulo, constituindo portanto em um esforço na melhoria do inventário de emissões da RMSP. Das medidas de concentração dos COVs, CO, NOx e SO2 foram calculados fatores de emissão e com base na relação entre as concentrações dos COVs emitidos pela exaustão veicular, juntamente com informações obtidas previamente da composição do combustível líquido e das emissões evaporativas foi construído um inventário dos COVs emitidos pela gasolina, álcool e diesel na RMSP, utilizado nas simulações de qualidade do ar. Foram realizadas simulações de referência utilizando o modelo fotoquímico densenvolvido no Caltech Institute of Technology (CIT) e Carnegie Mellon University, e as concentrações obtidas das simulações foram comparadas às concentrações observadas pela rede de monitoramento da Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental (CETESB) para três períodos distintos, em termos dos níveis de poluição e condições meteorológicas: 22-24 de agosto de 2000; 13-15 de março de 2000 e 06-10 de setembro de 2004. Com base nas simulações de referência foram calculados os potenciais de formação de ozônio para 24 espécies através do cálculo de métricas de reatividade e também realizada a análise da sensibilidade da formação do ozônio às emissões de COVs, NOx, CO e de cada COV individualmente para os três períodos. Da avaliação da análise de sensibilidade do ozônio às emissões pôde-se verificar que o ozônio foi altamente sensível às emissões dos COVs nos três períodos estudados e portanto, o controle da emissão dos COVs é o mais efetivo para o controle do ozônio na RMSP. Dentre os COVs analisados as espécies representadas por ARO2 (aromáticos 2), OLE1 (olefinas 1), OLE2 (olefinas 2), ETHE (eteno) e HCHO (formaldeído) foram as cinco às quais o ozônio (medido em termos de seu potencial de formação e emissão) apresentou maior sensibilidade constituindo-se nas mais relevantes. Adicionalmente, foram avaliados os impactos de diferentes cenários de uso de gasolinas reformuladas nas concentrações de ozônio em todo o domínio em relação ao cenário atual de referência. A máxima resposta do ozônio às reduções de emissão foi obtida após 3 dias do início do controle. Os cenários 1 (redução de 11,1% das frações de olefinas, aromáticos e benzeno da gasolina) e 2 (redução de 20,0% das frações de olefinas, aromáticos e benzeno da gasolina) que refletem as propostas de reformulação da gasolina para 2007 e 2009 resultaram em reduções das concentrações de ozônio, mas insuficientes para a redução para abaixo do padrão de qualidade do ar de ozônio. / The main goal of this work was the study of the ozone sensitivity to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and NOx emitted by vehicles in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP), using as tool the numerical modeling. Two intensive campaigns in-tunnel of São Paulo city were performed as an effort to improve the MASP emission inventory. From concentrations measurements of VOCs, CO, NOx and SO2 they were calculated emission factors and based on the relation among the VOCs emitted by exhaust, and also together with informations from liquid fuel and evaporative composition was built the VOCs composition from gasoline, alcohol and diesel emission in the MASP. Together with the totals emitted officially, it was obtained the inventory of emissions used in the simulation. Base case simulations were performed using the photochemical model developed at Caltech Institute of Technology (CIT) and Carnegie Mellon University, and the concentrations simulated were compared with observations from the air quality network of the São Paulo State Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental (CETESB). Three periods were studied: August 22-24 of 2000; March 13-15 of 2000 and September 06-10 of 2004. Ozone potential formation was calculated for 24 species using reactivity metrics, and was also performed the ozone sensitivity analysis to emission of VOCs, NOx, CO and each VOC individually, for all the periods. From ozone sensitivity analysis to emissions, it was found that the ozone is higher sensitivity to VOCs emissions than to NOx. Therefore, the VOCs reduction is more effective on ozone control in the MASP. Among the VOCs analyzed the species represented by ARO2 (aromatics 2), OLE1 (olefins 1), OLE2 (olefins 2), ETHE (ethene) and HCHO (formaldehyde) were identified as the most important concerning ozone formation in the MASP. Additionally, the impacts of different scenarios of reformulated gasoline in the ozone concentrations in whole domain and time were evaluated in relation to current scenario (base case). The higher reductions of ozone associated to emission control was identified to occur after 3 days of the beginning of control. The scenarios 1 (reduction of 11.1% of the olefins, aromatics and benzene fractions from gasoline) and 2 (reduction of 20.0% of the olefins, aromatics and benzene fractions from gasoline) that reflect the proposals for reformulated gasoline in 2007 and 2009 resulted in reductions of the ozone concentrations, but insufficient for the reduction below of the ozone air quality standard.
5

Sensibilidade da formação do ozônio troposférico às emissões veiculares na região metropolitana de São Paulo / Tropospheric ozone formation sensitivity to vehicle emission in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo

Leila Droprinchinski Martins 02 February 2007 (has links)
Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a sensibilidade da formação do ozônio troposférico às emissões veiculares de compostos orgânicos voláteis (COVs) e NOx na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP). Essa avaliação foi realizada através de modelagem numérica com modelo de qualidade do ar fotoquímico tridimensional. Para a determinação da especiação dos COVs veiculares foram realizadas duas campanhas intensivas de medidas em túneis da cidade de São Paulo, constituindo portanto em um esforço na melhoria do inventário de emissões da RMSP. Das medidas de concentração dos COVs, CO, NOx e SO2 foram calculados fatores de emissão e com base na relação entre as concentrações dos COVs emitidos pela exaustão veicular, juntamente com informações obtidas previamente da composição do combustível líquido e das emissões evaporativas foi construído um inventário dos COVs emitidos pela gasolina, álcool e diesel na RMSP, utilizado nas simulações de qualidade do ar. Foram realizadas simulações de referência utilizando o modelo fotoquímico densenvolvido no Caltech Institute of Technology (CIT) e Carnegie Mellon University, e as concentrações obtidas das simulações foram comparadas às concentrações observadas pela rede de monitoramento da Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental (CETESB) para três períodos distintos, em termos dos níveis de poluição e condições meteorológicas: 22-24 de agosto de 2000; 13-15 de março de 2000 e 06-10 de setembro de 2004. Com base nas simulações de referência foram calculados os potenciais de formação de ozônio para 24 espécies através do cálculo de métricas de reatividade e também realizada a análise da sensibilidade da formação do ozônio às emissões de COVs, NOx, CO e de cada COV individualmente para os três períodos. Da avaliação da análise de sensibilidade do ozônio às emissões pôde-se verificar que o ozônio foi altamente sensível às emissões dos COVs nos três períodos estudados e portanto, o controle da emissão dos COVs é o mais efetivo para o controle do ozônio na RMSP. Dentre os COVs analisados as espécies representadas por ARO2 (aromáticos 2), OLE1 (olefinas 1), OLE2 (olefinas 2), ETHE (eteno) e HCHO (formaldeído) foram as cinco às quais o ozônio (medido em termos de seu potencial de formação e emissão) apresentou maior sensibilidade constituindo-se nas mais relevantes. Adicionalmente, foram avaliados os impactos de diferentes cenários de uso de gasolinas reformuladas nas concentrações de ozônio em todo o domínio em relação ao cenário atual de referência. A máxima resposta do ozônio às reduções de emissão foi obtida após 3 dias do início do controle. Os cenários 1 (redução de 11,1% das frações de olefinas, aromáticos e benzeno da gasolina) e 2 (redução de 20,0% das frações de olefinas, aromáticos e benzeno da gasolina) que refletem as propostas de reformulação da gasolina para 2007 e 2009 resultaram em reduções das concentrações de ozônio, mas insuficientes para a redução para abaixo do padrão de qualidade do ar de ozônio. / The main goal of this work was the study of the ozone sensitivity to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and NOx emitted by vehicles in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP), using as tool the numerical modeling. Two intensive campaigns in-tunnel of São Paulo city were performed as an effort to improve the MASP emission inventory. From concentrations measurements of VOCs, CO, NOx and SO2 they were calculated emission factors and based on the relation among the VOCs emitted by exhaust, and also together with informations from liquid fuel and evaporative composition was built the VOCs composition from gasoline, alcohol and diesel emission in the MASP. Together with the totals emitted officially, it was obtained the inventory of emissions used in the simulation. Base case simulations were performed using the photochemical model developed at Caltech Institute of Technology (CIT) and Carnegie Mellon University, and the concentrations simulated were compared with observations from the air quality network of the São Paulo State Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental (CETESB). Three periods were studied: August 22-24 of 2000; March 13-15 of 2000 and September 06-10 of 2004. Ozone potential formation was calculated for 24 species using reactivity metrics, and was also performed the ozone sensitivity analysis to emission of VOCs, NOx, CO and each VOC individually, for all the periods. From ozone sensitivity analysis to emissions, it was found that the ozone is higher sensitivity to VOCs emissions than to NOx. Therefore, the VOCs reduction is more effective on ozone control in the MASP. Among the VOCs analyzed the species represented by ARO2 (aromatics 2), OLE1 (olefins 1), OLE2 (olefins 2), ETHE (ethene) and HCHO (formaldehyde) were identified as the most important concerning ozone formation in the MASP. Additionally, the impacts of different scenarios of reformulated gasoline in the ozone concentrations in whole domain and time were evaluated in relation to current scenario (base case). The higher reductions of ozone associated to emission control was identified to occur after 3 days of the beginning of control. The scenarios 1 (reduction of 11.1% of the olefins, aromatics and benzene fractions from gasoline) and 2 (reduction of 20.0% of the olefins, aromatics and benzene fractions from gasoline) that reflect the proposals for reformulated gasoline in 2007 and 2009 resulted in reductions of the ozone concentrations, but insufficient for the reduction below of the ozone air quality standard.

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