The main objective of this research was to assess the nutritional status of sheep and goats grazing two rangeland types in Baluchistan, Pakistan. These types were Artemisia maritima/Haloxylon griffithii association represented by the Zarchi Field Station and Cymbopogon shoenanthus, found at the Tomagh Field Station. Seasonal above ground biomass production and variability in the quality of major plant species was determined at four phenological growth stages for two years. At the same time a relative palatability index of major plant species and preference of sheep and goats was also determined. The Analysis of Variance procedures (ANOVA) of Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 1985) were used to evaluate various null hypotheses. Forage quality decreased with the advancement of phenological growth stages in all plants studied. On both study sites (Tomagh and Zarchi), spring forage samples were of higher quality than those of other seasons. Advance in season brought significant changes in the nutrient content of plant species. Grasses were lower in crude protein concentration and higher in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content than forbs and shrubs. Plant species were not statistically different in phosphorus concentration. From March through October, sheep and goat diets varied in their botanical composition on both study sites. Grasses remained a major component of animal diets at Tomagh throughout the grazing seasons. However, sheep and goats consumed a higher percentage of shrubs with the passage of time while grazing Zarchi area. Across all the grazing seasons, the diets of both animal species were deficient in protein and phosphorus. The lignin ratio technique was evaluated for its use in determining daily dry matter and apparent nutrient digestibility consumed by grazing animals. Highly variable digestion co-efficients of lignin (both positive and negative) were obtained by using sheep and goat rumen liquors. As much as 51.0% of forage lignin in samples was digested. Negative lignin digestion co-efficients were also obtained from forage samples. These ranged from -1.0% to - 103.0%. Lignin biodegradation and/or complexing during in vitro digestion invalidated its use as an internal marker in digestion studies on these rangelands. / Graduation date: 1991

No description available.

published_or_final_version / Urban Design / Master / Master of Urban Design

No description available.

This thesis traces the roots of women's honor killings in the tribal areas of Pakistan from the British rule in South Asia. The British colonial presence gave the tribal areas autonomy through landmark colonial legislations. The colonizers needed a harmonious relationship with tribal and rural notables in order to gain from the land. Thus, the British gave precedence to the tribal legal structure and as a result we see the beginnings of tribal autonomy in today's Pakistan. Women's honor was also dictated by tribal laws thus tribal councils dictated women's mobility and rights. / After the creation of Pakistan in 1947 much colonial legislation was preserved in the Constitution. The tribal areas maintained autonomy and their legal systems also gained legitimacy on a national level. Therefore, cases of women's honor killings were dealt with in the rural areas but moreover, were justified in Pakistani law as well. Thus this thesis seeks to trace this legacy to the modern period and look at the evolution of the relationship between tribal autonomy and women's rights in the context of the pre and post-independence periods.

This dissertation has been written in the belief that the analysis therein is an original and useful contribution to the understanding of the problems of mobilizing surplus rural labour in Pakistan and similar countries. [...]

Traditional communities in most Third World countries today are facing the influx of all industrialized economy which is leading to the introduction of new building technologies, infrastructure and modern communications. This has resulted in a change in the built environment of traditional settlements. / There are many dynamic factors which help to shape the decisions people make about the physical nature of their built environment. The linking of these decision-making factors to the external forces influencing society is very important to arrive at a clear understanding of how traditional forms give way to new ones. This thesis links global and local forces in interaction in the small mountain community of Karimabad, Hunza in Northern Pakistan, which is experiencing the effects of a capital economy and the new social and cultural milieu which accompanies it. Added to that the community has also been subjected to the effects of international tourism and development projects. The thesis shows, how, under the influences of these factors, the local traditional house form has transformed in terms of change in building materials and housing layouts. / This study was also carried out with the view of linking local perceptions of change, with the actual physical changes in housing. The thesis attempts to show how the ordinary household in Karimabad makes its decisions for change, and views the outside world and their place in it, and how this change is reflected in the changed house forms and building materials. This research also draws on the theoretical framework and references of how globalization is affecting traditional settlements on the periphery. / The findings of the study point to a strong link between external influences, especially of media, tourism, and international development institutions, and the changed house forms and materials. It also shows that it is not possible to isolate individual decision-making from external influences, especially where material culture is concerned.

The Muslims of Pakistan and other countries such as Egypt are groping for ways to change their situation. The phenomenon of Islamic Resurgence in Pakistan is one major expression of this frantic desire of the Muslims to improve their lot through the acquisition of the control of the nation's political machinery. This political concern is something new and volatile. It has affected the life of Pakistan as a whole and that of the various Muslim groups within it. The Khojah Isma$ sp{ rm c}$ili response to the process of Islamization in Pakistan is reflected in their re-thinking of many aspects of religious traditions and beliefs, mainly those related to the concept of religious authority. The transition in the community's self-definition is that from the emphasis on its inherited traditional beliefs concerning the authority of the Imam to a posture more accommodating to the ethos of Pakistani Islam. Tensions have been generated as a consequence of this tradition, as well as social and economic mechanisms to cushion these tensions. The nature of Isma$ sp{ rm c}$ili response to the changing situation can be grasped through the understanding of their religious beliefs.

Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1985. / Bibliography: leaves 301-319. / Photocopy. / xxii, 319 leaves, bound ill., maps 29 cm

Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1975. / Bibliography: leaves [144]-147. / x, 147 leaves