My study aimed to explore the secondary school choice of the internally migrant Ismailisi from Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) in Karachi, Pakistanii. I became interested in the topic for several reasons. Firstly, there was a scarcity of research on the topic. An initial review of the literature indicated that though the education of migratory groups had been discussed in relation to refugee or diaspora education, there was scope to examine school choice in internally migrant populations. Secondly, the school choice process in the developing world had been paid inadequate attention (Srivastava, 2005, p. 70). Thirdly, my previous field studies in GB provided me with much food for thought.

Geographical indications assumed prominence in terms of juridical development and economic importance with their inclusion in the TRIPS Agreement. Due to their nexus with place of origin, the importance of agricultural GIs has increased manifold. Pakistan has a strong agriculture-based economy. It has many valuable GIs, like Basmati rice, with significant trade worth billions of dollars. Nevertheless, not a single GI has been registered in Pakistan due to factors such as the inadequacies in the present system of protection of GIs in Pakistan, institutional weaknesses and the absence of an active role of the state. This thesis argues that a sui generis law for the regulation of agricultural GIs will facilitate better protection of GIs and economic development in Pakistan provided that it is also accompanied by the necessary institutional reforms. Pakistan is making efforts to enact a separate GI law for better protection of its GIs. However, there are administrative hurdles and institutional incapacities in Pakistan which need to be reformed. Examples have been taken from the sui generis laws of the EU and India in the discussions on legislative and institutional reforms in Pakistan. The EU and Indian sui generis laws have shown better protection of their GIs resulting in the registration of hundreds of their GIs and economic development. The situation in neighbouring India was the same as is currently found in Pakistan until 2003 when it introduced its sui generis law; it has now registered hundreds of GIs. Besides literature reviews, interviews have been conducted with public and private sector stakeholders to gain an insight into the weaknesses and strengths of the system of protection of GIs in Pakistan, as well as potential reforms. Based on the findings, a sui generis law and institutional reforms for better protection of agricultural GIs and economic development in Pakistan are proposed.

Thesis (M.Arch.A.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: p. 68. / by Fauzia Qureshi. / M.Arch.A.S.

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / 2031-01-01

The collision of the Indian subcontinent with Asia beginning 40 million years ago produced the Himalayan orogenic belt, the largest continental collision belt active today. The foreland fold-and-thrust belt in northern Pakistan consists of the Salt Range-Potwar Plateau area. In this region the distance from the Main Boundary Thrust(MBT) to the front of the fold-and-thrust belt is very wide (100-150 km) because a thick evaporite sequence forms the zone of décollement. Recent studies have combined seismic reflection profiles, petroleum exploration wells, Bouguer gravity anomalies, and surface geology to construct cross sections in the eastern, central, and western Salt Range-Potwar Plateau areas. In this study the sections are compared with a previous model that considers the mechanics of a fold-and-thrust belt to be analogous to that of a wedge of snow or soil pushed in front of a bulldozer (Davis et al., 1983; Dahlen et al., 1984; Dahlen, 1984), and a later model (Davis and Engelder, 1985) which suggests that fold-and-thrust belts underlain by salt will have: a) narrow (< 1°) cross-sectional tapers, b) larger widths than areas not underlain by salt, c) symmetrical structures, and d) changes in deformational style at the edge of the salt basin. The section across the eastern Potwar Plateau most closely resembles this latter model, having: a) a taper of 0.8° ± 0.1°, b) a width of 100-150 km, c) thrust faults that verge both to the north and south, and d) structures rotated 30° counterclockwise with respect to the Salt Range. From the observed taper and pore fluid pressures of the eastern Potwar Plateau, estimates of the values for the yield strength of the evaporites (τ₀) and the coefficent of internal friction (μ) are calculated as τ₀ = 1.33-1.50 MPa and μ = 0.95-1.04, which are then applied to the other cross sections. In the central and western sections a basement uplift, the Sargodha High, interferes with the front of the fold-and-thrust belt. This feature causes the ramping of the Salt Range Thrust and produces a relatively steep basement slope (2°-4°) beneath the Potwar Plateau. This dip, together with the weak evaporite layer, allows the thrust wedge of the southern Potwar Plateau to be pushed over the décollement without undergoing internal deformation. In detail, the Salt Range ramping is caused by a large normal fault in the basement in the central section and the basement upwarp of the Sargodha High in the western section. The northern Potwar Plateau is strongly folded and faulted, yet the topographic slope remains flat. Although the deformation suggests that salt is not present there, the observed taper in the northern Potwar Plateau is best fitted by the model with salt at the décollement. Combining this with published paleomagnetic and geologic constraints, a model for the evolution of the northern Potwar Plateau suggests that the area deformed as a steeply tapered (3.5°-5.5°) thrust wedge until approximately 2 million years ago, when the décollement encountered the Salt Range formation. Between 2 m.y.a. and the present, the northern Potwar Plateau has been pushed along the salt décollement without deformation, and erosion has reduced its original steep topographic slope to a nearly level surface. The success of the mechanical model in predicting the observed features in the Salt Range-Potwar Plateau suggests that salt may lie beneath other fold-and-thrust belts in Pakistan. Two areas, the Sulaiman Lobe and the Karachi Arc, are possible candidates. Although published subsurface information is lacking in these areas, surface observations show that they both: a) extend far across the foreland, b) exhibit low topographic slopes, c) display symmetrical structures, and d) show a change in structural orientation along what is believed to be the edge of the salt basin. / Graduation date: 1987

Graduation date: 1994

Graduation date: 1992

Graduation date: 1990

This study attempts to (1) determine the validity of the claim that Pakistan was demanded and achieved on the basis of Islamic Ideology, and (2) assess the pre-partition views of the Muslim leaders concerning the polity of Pekistan. The first chapter is a brief survey of the historical background from 1357 - 1930 demonstrating the forces effecting Islamic conciousness and separatism. Chapter Two analyzes Muhammad Iqbal's religio-political thought as it emphasized Islamic Ideology and motivated religious modernism. The balance of the study indicates the increase in the Muslim ambition for religio-political autonomy. The Islamic ideal is further magnified. With the advent of the demand for Pakistan, this ideal united Muslims of divergent views behind the Pakistan cause. Individual differences were set aside but proclamations of the "ideal" brought out two distinct viewpoints: Modernist and Traditionalist. Both agreed on the Islamic Ideal, but differed in interpreting its implementation.

Texte remanié de: Dissertation Ph. D.--Pakistan studies--Islamabad--Quaid-i-Azam University. / Bibliogr. p. 195-212.