"This is a significant volume for those interested in Arizona prehistory."—Southwestern Lore "A valuable contribution to the study of Archaic cultures of the Southwestern United States."—American Antiquity—Latin

Submitted by Inácio de Oliveira Lima Neto (inacio.neto@inpa.gov.br) on 2018-05-28T17:17:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Danilo Bruxellas Parra.pdf: 2618919 bytes, checksum: 23f2c1d445f7695aa2b0f1ecd25877c5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-28T17:17:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Danilo Bruxellas Parra.pdf: 2618919 bytes, checksum: 23f2c1d445f7695aa2b0f1ecd25877c5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The landscape history exerts great influence on the processes that generate and sustain biodiversity. Proechimys sp. is a new species of sylvatic rodent not described yet, which belongs to the longicaudatus group (family Echimyidae). Previous studies point to a possible influence of the Aripuanã river, a tributary of the Madeira river, in the differentiation of Proechimys sp. In addition, paleochannel systems in the Madeira region indicate paleo- hydrological changes of the Aripuanã and Ji-Paraná rivers. Here we describe the patterns of genetic diversity in Proechimys sp., investigate the effect of landscape changes, such as the formation of paleochannels, and propose hypotheses for the diversification of this new species of spiny rat from southern Amazonia. We used nuclear and mitochondrial markers to reconstruct gene trees and species trees, haplotype networks, estimate the timing of divergence and historical demography for each of the lineages recovered in the analyzes. Our results indicated the presence of five lineages that can be considered as distinct populations. Evidence from other studies indicates that mechanisms of rearrangement of chromosomal patterns should be associated with lineage diversification. We also believe that ecological factors are related to the diversity pattern found in Proechimys sp. Although the effect of large rivers is largely implicated in the high diversity of Amazonia, the effect of smaller rivers in the Madeira-Tapajós interfluve seems to play an important role in the biogeographic patterns of this region. Our results demonstrate such effect in the populations of Proechimys sp. And corroborate the hypothesis that environments with great habitat heterogeneity and unstable climatic and geological conditions promote high biodiversity. / A história da paisagem tem grande influência sobre os processos geradores e mantenedores da biodiversidade. Proechimys sp. é uma nova espécie ainda não descrita de roedor silvestre pertencente ao grupo longicaudatus (família Echimyidae). Estudos prévios apontam uma possível influência do rio Aripuanã, um tributário do rio Madeira, na diferenciação de Proechimys sp. Além disso, sistemas de paleocanais na região do médio Madeira indicam alterações paleo-hidrológicas do rio Aripuanã e Ji-Paraná. Aqui nós descrevemos os padrões de diversidade genética em Proechimys sp., investigamos os efeitos de mudanças na paisagem, como a formação dos paleocanais, e propusemos hipóteses para diversificação dessa nova espécie de rato-de-espinho do sul da Amazônia. Utilizamos marcadores nucleares e mitocondriais para reconstruir árvores de genes e de espécies, redes de haplótipos, estimar o tempo de divergência e a demografia histórica de cada uma das linhagens recuperadas nas análises. Nossos resultados indicaram a presença de cinco linhagens que podem ser consideradas como populações distintas. Evidências de outros estudos indicam que mecanismos de reordenação dos padrões cromossômicos devem estar associados a diversificação das linhagens. Acreditamos ainda que fatores ecológicos estejam relacionados com o padrão de diversidade encontrado em Proechimys sp. Embora o efeito dos grandes rios seja amplamente relacionado com a alta diversidade da Amazônia, o efeito de rios menores no interflúvio Madeira-Tapajós parece desempenhar um papel importante nos padrões biogeográficos dessa região. Nossos resultados demonstram esse efeito nas populações de Proechimys sp. e corroboram a hipótese de que ambientes com grande heterogeneidade de habitas e condições climáticas e geológicas instáveis promovem alta biodiversidade.

Ice stream research has gained momentum in the last decade due to the increased need to understand ice sheet dynamics and instability and, by extension, the role ice streams have on climate change and sea level rise. Although significant progress has been made recently in understanding the role of ice streams in ice sheet dynamics, much remains to be done for documenting and understanding paleo-ice stream records. This is especially true for terrestrial paleo-ice streams like those that operated in the southwest Laurentide Ice Sheet. In previous studies evidence was shown for at least two large paleo-ice stream systems in southern Saskatchewan and a model was proposed involving major glacial dynamics shifts during the Late Wisconsinan linked to ice streaming in the Prairies. The goal of this research is to further characterize drift provenance and to verify sediment-landform assemblages that are central to the proposed reconstruction. This is done through spatial analysis of sediment and landform characteristics (e.g. compositional data, till fabric, landform identification). Provenance is also investigated using radiometric data and 40Ar/39Ar dating of hornblende grains. All of the data are geo-referenced in GIS to examine the spatial relationships. Results show spatially consistent patterns that fit within the structure of the proposed ice stream model. Ten assemblages were delineated, some showing landform evidence of southwestern and southeastern flow, while others show an older western signature through compositional data. The ice flow dynamics were characterized by a combination of landform evidence and compositional data, where three distinct ice flow phases can be seen. Of these three flow phases, two can be characterized by paleo-ice streams. The older south westward Maskwa system flowed against the regional slope, creating a large area of mega-scale glacial lineations, as well as transverse ridges, and was bound on either side by hummocky terrain. The preservation of the southwest Maskwa system was due to the abrupt shift to the southeastward Buffalo system. The Buffalo system captured the subglacial water from the Maskwa causing its shutdown, which fed the James Lobe until it collapsed. The Buffalo paleo-ice stream was the youngest and least stable of the two systems, as shown in the cross-cutting landform evidence. This approach combines multiple methods of analysis to go beyond the geomorphologic evidence to test the main underlying assumptions of paleo-ice stream landsystem models. This is critical if we are to understand the processes involved in the formation of paleo-ice streams and to reconstruct their evolution. Further characterization of the paleo-ice stream systems in the Prairies is critical to improve our understanding of how large ice sheets, like the Laurentide Ice Sheet, evolved and eventually collapsed.

Ice stream research has gained momentum in the last decade due to the increased need to understand ice sheet dynamics and instability and, by extension, the role ice streams have on climate change and sea level rise. Although significant progress has been made recently in understanding the role of ice streams in ice sheet dynamics, much remains to be done for documenting and understanding paleo-ice stream records. This is especially true for terrestrial paleo-ice streams like those that operated in the southwest Laurentide Ice Sheet. In previous studies evidence was shown for at least two large paleo-ice stream systems in southern Saskatchewan and a model was proposed involving major glacial dynamics shifts during the Late Wisconsinan linked to ice streaming in the Prairies. The goal of this research is to further characterize drift provenance and to verify sediment-landform assemblages that are central to the proposed reconstruction. This is done through spatial analysis of sediment and landform characteristics (e.g. compositional data, till fabric, landform identification). Provenance is also investigated using radiometric data and 40Ar/39Ar dating of hornblende grains. All of the data are geo-referenced in GIS to examine the spatial relationships. Results show spatially consistent patterns that fit within the structure of the proposed ice stream model. Ten assemblages were delineated, some showing landform evidence of southwestern and southeastern flow, while others show an older western signature through compositional data. The ice flow dynamics were characterized by a combination of landform evidence and compositional data, where three distinct ice flow phases can be seen. Of these three flow phases, two can be characterized by paleo-ice streams. The older south westward Maskwa system flowed against the regional slope, creating a large area of mega-scale glacial lineations, as well as transverse ridges, and was bound on either side by hummocky terrain. The preservation of the southwest Maskwa system was due to the abrupt shift to the southeastward Buffalo system. The Buffalo system captured the subglacial water from the Maskwa causing its shutdown, which fed the James Lobe until it collapsed. The Buffalo paleo-ice stream was the youngest and least stable of the two systems, as shown in the cross-cutting landform evidence. This approach combines multiple methods of analysis to go beyond the geomorphologic evidence to test the main underlying assumptions of paleo-ice stream landsystem models. This is critical if we are to understand the processes involved in the formation of paleo-ice streams and to reconstruct their evolution. Further characterization of the paleo-ice stream systems in the Prairies is critical to improve our understanding of how large ice sheets, like the Laurentide Ice Sheet, evolved and eventually collapsed.

The Clovis style point was used by Paleoindians to hunt and kill the proboscidean mammoths and mastodons of the era in the New World. How the Paleoindians specifically used Clovis technology and their hunting strategies are ambiguous. Middle range theory is used in a comparison of ethnographic, archaeological, paleontological, and experimental archaeological evidence. Deductive and inductive reasoning are used in conjunction with this data to develop an interpretive model. This type of study can help to reconstruct a part of the past lifeways of the Clovis Paleoindians. A general model taken from the evidence is presented of Paleoindian proboscidean hunting strategy and the possible design and use of weaponry. However, the majority of the data comes from western Clovis sites associated with Columbian mammoths. A universal or regional based model for Paleoindian proboscidean hunting tactics and weapon design and employment cannot be fully dictated. Creating a model of this type requires an intensively thorough survey of all Clovis archaeological and ancient proboscidean sites. / Department of Anthropology

Proefschrift Universiteit van Amsterdam. / Met lit. opg. - Met samenvatting in het Duits en Nederlands.

Proefschrift Universiteit van Amsterdam. / Met lit. opg. - Met samenvatting in het Spaans.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Washington State University, May 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 315-356).

Paleo data-model comparison is the process of comparing output from model simulations of past periods with paleoenvironmental data. It enables us to understand both the paleoclimate mechanism and responses of the earth environment to the climate and to evaluate how models work. This dissertation has two parts that each involve the development and application of approaches for data-model comparisons. In part 1, which is focused on the understanding of both past and future climatic changes/variations, I compare paleoclimate and historical simulations with future climate projections exploiting the fact that climate-model configurations are exactly the same in the paleo and future simulations in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5. In practice, I investigated large-scale temperature responses (land-ocean contrast, high-latitude amplification, and change in temperature seasonality) in paleo and future simulations, found broadly consistent relationships across the climate states, and validated the responses using modern observations and paleoclimate reconstructions. Furthermore, I examined the possibility that a small set of common mechanisms controls the large-scale temperature responses using a simple energy-balance model to decompose the temperature changes shown in warm and cold climate simulations and found that the clear-sky longwave downward radiation is a key control of the robust responses. In part 2, I applied the equilibrium terrestrial biosphere models, BIOME4 and BIOME5 (developed from BIOME4 herein), for reconstructing paleoclimate. I applied inverse modeling through the iterative forward-modeling (IMIFM) approach that uses the North American vegetation data to infer the mid-Holocene (MH, 6000 years ago) and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21,000 years ago) climates that control vegetation distributions. The IMIFM approach has the potential to provide more accurate quantitative climate estimates from pollen records than statistical approaches. Reconstructed North American MH and LGM climate anomaly patterns are coherent and consistent between variables and between BIOME4 and BIOME5, and these patterns are also consistent with previous data synthesis. This dissertation includes previously published and unpublished coauthored material.

The Mississippi Sound is underlain by late Pleistocene aged sediments of the Biloxi, Prairie, and Gulfport Formations topped by an erosional unconformity, which was an exposed land surface during the sea level low-stand of the last glacial maximum. During that period, rivers and streams draining upland watersheds cut across the exposed coastal plain incising a network of distributary fluvial channels. Subsequent sea level rise covered the incised drainage network with a relatively thin (10-20 m) layer of reworked Holocene aged sediments. Here, an extensive database of archived and newly collected seismic reflection profile data, as well as archived core data, is analyzed to map the paleotopography and the paleo-drainage network of the Pleistocene-Holocene unconformity surface beneath the western Mississippi Sound. Approximately 255 km of seismic data was acquired with a 2-16 kHz chirp sub-bottom profiling sonar. Additionally, 978 km of seismic data was accessed through a United States Geological Survey archive along with over 20 historical cores. Results indicate that the Pleistocene-Holocene unconformity under the western Mississippi Sound is gently dipping to the southeast (<0.05°) and contains a complex network of incised paleofluvial channels with relief ranging from 5-10 m and widths ranging from 0.3–2 km. A conceptual model for paleo-channel incision and infilling as well as modern analogue depositional environments are presented.