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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Infection à Coxsackievirus B4 et prévention / Coxsackievieus B4 : infection and prevention

Sane, Famara 12 December 2012 (has links)
Le diabète de type 1 (DT1) est une maladie chronique multifactorielle. Les infections entérovirales, en particulier à Coxsackievirus du groupe B (CVB), et notamment CVB4, transmises par voie digestive, constituent le facteur de risque le plus souvent évoqué dans la littérature. Plusieurs mécanismes physiopathologiques sont proposés pour expliquer cette relation entre CVB4 et diabète de type 1. Il s’agit, entre autres, du tropisme préférentiel de CVB4 pour les ilots et les cellules β pancréatiques et l’inflammation qui s’ensuit, de la persistance du virus au niveau des cellules infectées qui pourrait constituer un facteur déterminant dans le processus d’altération des cellules endocrines, de l’exacerbation possible de l’infection par des d’anticorps facilitateurs ou encore du mimétisme moléculaire entre les auto-antigènes et les antigènes viraux. Par ailleurs des auteurs ont montré que la cause de la déplétion des cellules β chez des souris infectées par la souche diabétogénique CVB4E2 est un défaut de régénération plutôt qu’une destruction directe de ces cellules par le virus. La présence de constituants entéroviraux dans les cellules ductales du pancréas de patients diabétiques a été observée. Le diabète de type 1, qui serait l’expression finale d’un long processus, survient généralement chez des sujets jeunes, c’est pourquoi l’hypothèse que le tissu pancréatique jeune serait plus permissif aux infections à CVB4 n’est pas exclue. La prévention des infections virales reste le meilleur moyen de protéger les individus contre les maladies qu’elles provoquent. Un intérêt particulier est aujourd’hui accordé à la mise en évidences et à la caractérisation d’inhibiteurs antiviraux à large spectre. L’absence d’allaitement maternel est associé à un risque plus élevé de diabète de type 1, mais la nature du ou des facteurs du lait conférant une protection est mal connue, et l’activité anti-CVB4 du lait maternel n’a pas été étudiée jusqu’à présent. Objectifs : Nous avons émis l’hypothèse que CVB4 pouvait infecter des cellules humaines précurseurs de cellules endocrines, impliquées dans la régénération des îlots. L’infection de ces cellules par CVB4E2 et ses conséquences ont été étudiées ; nous avons utilisé des cellules humaines précurseurs canalaires primitives et la lignée continue de cellules Panc-1, dont la différenciation in vitro est possible. La permissivité au CVB4 du tissu pancréatique selon l’âge a été étudiée ex vivo chez le rat et l’existence d’inhibiteurs antiviraux à large spectre est notamment explorée dans l’intestin de souris. L’activité anti-CVB4 du lait maternel susceptible de protéger, à un âge critique, le jeune enfant vis-à-vis d’un virus diabétogène a été étudiée in vitro et l’hypothèse que le lait humain pourrait prévenir le déclenchement du DT1 chez la souris NOD a également été évaluée in vivo. / Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic multifactorial disease. Enteroviral infections, especially those with group B coxsackieviruses, and in particular the B4 serotype (CVB4), mainly transmitted by the fecal-oral route, are among the environmental factors most able to be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. Several pathophysiological mechanisms have been proposed to explain this relationship between CVB4 and T1D. Among these mechanisms, the preferential tropism of CVB4 for islets and pancreatic β cells and the resulted inflammation; virus persistence in infected cells which can constitute an important factor in the process leading to endocrine cells alteration; the possible worsening of the infection by enhancing antibodies or molecular mimicry between self-antigens and viral antigens. Moreover, some studies have demonstrated that β-cell depletion in mice infected with the diabetogenic strain CVB4E2 is due to lack of regeneration rather than direct destruction of these cells by the virus. Enteroviral constituents have been detected in pancreatic ductal cells of T1D patients. Type 1 diabetes is a final expression of a long process usually occurring in young children. Therefore, the hypothesis that the pancreatic tissue of young subjects is more permissive to CVB4 infection can not be excluded. Prevention of viral infections is the best way to protect people against diseases they cause. Thus, identification and characterization of broad-spectrum antiviral inhibitors are of particular interest. A lower risk of T1D is associated with breastfeeding, however, the support of the breast milk protective effect has not been clarified, and the neutralizing activity of breast milk in vitro against CVB4 has not been studied so far.
2

Small-Molecule Modulators of Pancreatic Ductal Cells: Histone Methyltransferases and \(\beta\)-Cell Transdifferentiation

Yuan, Yuan January 2012 (has links)
Small molecules are important not only for treating human diseases but also for studying disease-related biological processes. This dissertation focuses on the effects of small molecules on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells. Here, I describe the discovery of two small-molecule tool compounds and their applications for interrogating the biological processes related to two distinct diseases in the human pancreas. First, BRD4770 was identified as a histone methyltransferase inhibitor through a target-based biochemical approach, and was used as a probe to study the function of methyltransferases in cancer cells. Second, BRD7552 was discovered as an inducer of Pdx1 using a cell-based phenotypic screening approach, and was used to induce the expression of Pdx1, a master regulatory transcription factor required for \(\beta\)-cell transdifferentiation. This compound is particularly interesting for the study of type-1 diabetes (T1D). The histone methyltransferase G9a catalyzes methylation of lysine 9 on histone H3, a modification linked to aberrant silencing of tumor-suppressor genes. The second chapter describes the collaborative effort leading to the identification of BRD4770 as a probe to study the function of G9a in human pancreatic cancer cells. BRD4770 induces cellular senescence and inhibits both anchorage-dependent and -independent proliferation in PANC-1 cell line, presumably mediated through ATM-pathway activation. Chapter three describes the study of a natural product gossypol, which significantly enhances the BRD4770 cytotoxicity in p53-mutant cells through autophagic cell death. The up-regulation of BNIP3 might be responsible for the synergistic cell death, suggesting that G9a inhibition may help overcome drug resistance in certain cancer cells. Ectopic overexpression of Pdx1, Ngn3, and MafA can reprogram pancreatic exocrine cells to insulin-producing cells in mice, which sheds light on a new avenue for treating T1D. The fourth chapter focuses on a gene expression-based assay using quantitative real-time PCR technique to screen >60,000 compounds for induction of one or more of these three transcription factors. A novel compound BRD7552 which up-regulated Pdx1 mRNA and protein levels in PANC-1 cells was identified. BRD7552 induces changes of the epigenetic markers within the Pdx1 promoter region consistent with transcriptional activation. Furthermore, BRD7552 partially complements Pdx1 in cell culture, enhancing the expression of insulin induced by the introduction of the three genes in PANC-1 cells. In summary, the central theme of my dissertation is to identify novel bioactive small molecules using different screening approaches, as well as to explore their effects in pancreatic ductal cells. / Chemistry and Chemical Biology

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