本篇文章目的是研究在1996 年至2004 年間，臺灣地區人壽保險業之競爭程度狀況，並希望藉以探討導致臺灣整體壽險市場經營困難的主要原因，到底是因為處於過度競爭的局面，還是受到市場經濟不景氣或政策利空等因素所影響？這些問題的探究可讓臺灣在往後金融發展政策上提供重要的參考基礎。本研究以Rosse-Panzar 非結構模型作為研究臺灣地區壽險業的競爭程度證據，發現1996年至2000 年壽險市場是處於完全競爭(PC)，但2001 年至2004 年均拒絶市場存在獨占力(M)或完全競爭(PC)之虛無假設，顯示該年度為壟斷性競爭市場(MC)。 / The purpose of this paper is to examine the degree of the competition on the life insurance industry in Taiwan from 1996 to 2004 and to investigate thereason why the whole Taiwan life insurance market operates so difficultly.Perhaps it was because of the excessive competition, the economic downturn, bad policy, and some other factors? Exploration of these issues can provide an important reference on the financial development policy to Taiwan Insurance Supervisory Authority in the future. This paper use the Rosse-Panzar non-structural model as an evidence to support the result, It proved that the Taiwan life insurance market was in the perfect competition (PC) during the period of 1996 to 2000. In addition, from the year 2001 to 2004, it rejected the null hypothesis of monopoly power (M) and perfect competition (PC), indicating that the monopolistic competition market (MC) existed.

Le mercredi 15 mai 1940, dans le petit village ardennais de La Horgne à l’ouest de Sedan, les cavaliers de la 3e Brigade de Spahis (2e Régiment de Spahis Algériens de Tlemcen et 2e Régiment de Spahis Marocains de Marrakech) tentent d’arrêter une partie de la plus moderne Panzer-Division de la Wehrmacht. L’histoire commémorative a retenu que la 3e Brigade de Spahis aurait été tout simplement « anéantie » en une dizaine d’heures de combats, non sans avoir auparavant mis hors de combat un bon millier de soldats allemands. De son côté, l’histoire scientifique dénombre 50 Spahis et 31 soldats allemands tués. Plus de 76 ans après les faits, il est plus que temps d’en finir avec la légende du « massacre inutile de 700 Spahis chargeant à cheval les chars allemands à La Horgne ». / Wednesday, May 15, 1940, in the small Ardennes village of La Horgne, west of Sedan, the troopers of the 3rd [Cavalry] Brigade of Spahis (2nd Regiment of Algerian Spahis from Tlemcen and 2nd Regiment of Moroccan Spahis from Marrakech) try to stop a part of the most modern Panzer-Division of the Wehrmacht. Commemorative History has focused on a 3rd Brigade of Spahis that was simply "annihilated" in about ten hours of fighting, but not before putting out of action a thousand German soldiers. For its part, the scientific History takes into account 50 Spahis and 31 German soldiers killed in action. More than 76 years after the fact, it is more than time to put an end to the legend of the "useless slaughter of 700 Spahis charging German tanks on horseback at La Horgne".

本研究旨在衡量俄羅斯銀行業競爭程度的變化，探討2003至2010年間，其銀行行為、政府政策和國際情勢對俄羅斯銀行業競爭程度的影響。本研究以非結構法的Panzer-Rosse模型為研究主軸，並輔以結構性指標來衡量俄羅斯銀行業的競爭程度，發現俄羅斯銀行業在2003至2009年俄羅斯的銀行市場大多處於獨占性競爭。但是2010年以資產標準化的總收入為被解釋變數時卻無法拒絕市場存在獨占力或銀行間存在聯合勾結的寡占之需無假設，可能與俄羅斯政府因應全球金融危機所作的政策調整有關。 為使結果更具可靠性，本研究排除可能影響檢定結果知極端值進行敏感性檢定，將可能對市場具有獨占力的俄羅斯最大的國有銀行Sberbank排除在樣本之外，結果2010年的俄羅斯銀行市場仍然存在獨占力。另外，考慮不同地區銀行密集度的不同，將研究樣本分成中央聯邦區與非中央聯邦區，結果發現在銀行密集度較高的中央聯邦區在2005至2009年為完全競爭，但是該地區2010年的銀行市場依然存在獨占力，而非中央聯邦區的競爭程度變化較小。相較於過去的文獻，本文發現俄羅斯銀行業在考慮利息收入與非利息收入之競爭程度有所不同，尤其在2008至2010年間的差異更為明顯，而俄羅斯銀行業的競爭程度在金融危機期間也確實因為採用的被解釋變數不同，致使兩者的H統計量與市場檢定結果呈現不一致的趨勢。 / This paper examines the degree of market competition in Russian banking industry by analyzing the impact of bank activity, government policy and international situation over the period of 2003-2010.We use the P-R model as well as concentration ratio and Herfindall-Hirschman Index to measure the competition in order to distinguish competitive behavior on market. Evidence is found that during the period of 2003-2009 the Russian banking industry is characterized as monopolistic competition. But in 2010, the market becomes monopolistic due to the change of government policy by global financial crisis. To do our sensitivity analysis, we exclude the outlier that might influence the results such as Sberbank, the biggest state bank of Russia. But our results remain the same. Furthermore, this paper separates the region into Central Federal District and non- Central Federal District, and we find that market is perfect competition in Central Federal District in period 2005-2009, but monopoly still exists in 2010. Compared with the previous literature, this paper finds that some differences exist between the results when dependent variable is interest revenue and the result of total revenue, especially in period of 2008-2010.