Text in Afrikaans / 'n Terapeutiese sisteem word gevorm, wanneer 'n terapeut hom by 'n gesin aansluit. 'n Terapeut fokus op patrone van interaksie en verhoudinge van die gesin wat terapie benodig. Deur met die gesin te bind, tree die terapeut in interaksie met die ekologie van die gesin. Sekere idees word hierdeur gegenereer aangaande die moontlike intervensies, wat tot die verlangde veranderinge kan lei. In die studie, tree ek as navorser op en as gesinsterapeut gedurende die terapeutiese interaksie, het dit geblyk dat die patrone in die gesin, elemente van paradokse bevat. T een-paradokse is as intervensies geformuleer. Paradokse en die nut daarvan in die gesin, het die navorser/terapeut se verbeelding geprikkel. Hierdie studie verteenwoordig sommige teoretiese aspekte aangaande paradokse en 'n demonstrasie van aanwending van die paradoks, soos toegepas gedurende drie sessies 'n gesinterapie. Ek deel ook my punktuasies aangaande die nut van die paradoks vir die die gesinsterapie-praktyk,met die Ieser. / A therapeutic system is formed when the therapist enters a particular family. A therapist focuses on the patterns of interaction and the relationships of a family that requires therapeutic intervention. By joining the family, the therapist finds in the ecology of the family some ideas for the possible interventions that might lead to the desired changes. In this study, I acted as both researcher and family therapist. During the therapeutic interaction it became aparent that the patterns in the family contained elements of paradoxes. Counter-paradoxes were formulated as interventions. The phenomenon of paradoxes and its usefulness in family therapy captured the researcher/therapist's imagination. This study presents some theoretical aspects regarding paradoxes, and a demonstration of the use of the paradox as applied during three sessions in family therapy. I also share my punctuations of the usefulness of the paradox for the family therapy practice with the reader. / Social Work / M.A. (Sosiale Wetenskappe (Geestesgesondheid))

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2000. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 115 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 78-90).

Text in Afrikaans / 'n Terapeutiese sisteem word gevorm, wanneer 'n terapeut hom by 'n gesin aansluit. 'n Terapeut fokus op patrone van interaksie en verhoudinge van die gesin wat terapie benodig. Deur met die gesin te bind, tree die terapeut in interaksie met die ekologie van die gesin. Sekere idees word hierdeur gegenereer aangaande die moontlike intervensies, wat tot die verlangde veranderinge kan lei. In die studie, tree ek as navorser op en as gesinsterapeut gedurende die terapeutiese interaksie, het dit geblyk dat die patrone in die gesin, elemente van paradokse bevat. T een-paradokse is as intervensies geformuleer. Paradokse en die nut daarvan in die gesin, het die navorser/terapeut se verbeelding geprikkel. Hierdie studie verteenwoordig sommige teoretiese aspekte aangaande paradokse en 'n demonstrasie van aanwending van die paradoks, soos toegepas gedurende drie sessies 'n gesinterapie. Ek deel ook my punktuasies aangaande die nut van die paradoks vir die die gesinsterapie-praktyk,met die Ieser. / A therapeutic system is formed when the therapist enters a particular family. A therapist focuses on the patterns of interaction and the relationships of a family that requires therapeutic intervention. By joining the family, the therapist finds in the ecology of the family some ideas for the possible interventions that might lead to the desired changes. In this study, I acted as both researcher and family therapist. During the therapeutic interaction it became aparent that the patterns in the family contained elements of paradoxes. Counter-paradoxes were formulated as interventions. The phenomenon of paradoxes and its usefulness in family therapy captured the researcher/therapist's imagination. This study presents some theoretical aspects regarding paradoxes, and a demonstration of the use of the paradox as applied during three sessions in family therapy. I also share my punctuations of the usefulness of the paradox for the family therapy practice with the reader. / Social Work / M.A. (Sosiale Wetenskappe (Geestesgesondheid))

A longitudinal content analysis of top-chart hip-hop songs’ lyrics produced between 1980 and 2013 was conducted to investigate the degree and progression of the paradoxical juxtaposition, or postmodern hybridity, of oppositional modernist identities in terms of race/ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, sexuality, and economic lifestyle, in addition to the longitudinal diversification of artist’s race and gender demographics. Demographically, the percentage of non-African-American artists increased as the percentage of African-American artists decreased. Additionally, the percentage of songs featuring either all male or all female artists decreased, while the percentage of collaboration between male and female artists increased over time. Although hybrid oppositional identities related to race/ethnicity and gender did not increase over time, those of sexual orientation, sexuality, and economic lifestyle increased over time. In addition, materialist identities were related to the hybridity of sexual orientation and sexuality, but not to that of gender and race/ethnicity. Overall, the research found increasing postmodern hybridity within the sexualization of hip-hop songs along with intensified materialism.

Thesis (D.D.(Pastoral Family Therapy))--University of Pretoria, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 328-345).

No description available.

The present study investigated the relative efficacy of paradoxical, behavioral, and reflection-support treatments among college students who complained about procrastination of studying. Although there is much literature describing successful use of paradoxical treatment, there has been little substantive research. Paradoxical techniques offer more complex theoretical explanations than behavioral therapy even though in practice the procedure of each are often quite similar. Subjects were selected by their response to an ad in the school newspaper that offered free treatment for students who had problems with procrastination. Further screening of participants was done through clinical interviews. Thirty-three subjects were selected for treatment of procrastination with three clients randomly assigned to each of 11 advanced psychology graduate students who served as therapists. Each therapist provided all three types of treatment, one type of treatment to each of their three assigned clients.

In sport, the ability to perform under heightened levels of pressure is one of the largest differences between those who are successful and those who are not. There are a number of phenomena associated with breakdowns in an athlete’s performance in high pressure environments, collectively known as paradoxical performances (Baumeister & Showers, 1986). The two most prevalent and researched forms of paradoxical performance are the yips and choking. Although choking has been identified as playing a key role in understanding the yips, to date, no literature has explored these phenomena simultaneously. The current literature highlights potential mechanisms which may explain the yips and choking, such as the Attentional Control Theory (Eysenck & Derekshan, 2011) and the Conscious Processing Hypothesis (Masters, 1992). However, there is limited literature on the potential predictors that may increase the susceptibility of both these paradoxical performances and those which do, focus on golf. There are three aims of this thesis. The first aim was to develop a definition that best encompasses all aspects of the yips. This was achieved by conducting a systematic review of the yips literature which supported the development of a new two dimensional yips model including individuals with both focal dystonia and choking (type-III). The second aim was to investigate potential predictors associated with both the yips and choking that was achieved by completing two studies. The first explored the lived experiences of elite level archers who have experienced both choking and the yips and revealed a number of potential predictors associated with both the yips and choking. The second study tested these predictors using online questionnaires with elite level archers and golfers, and confirmed two discrete predictive models for yips and choking. The final aim of the thesis was to investigate the potential mechanisms associated with performance under pressure. A lab-based study where golfers and archers performed under both high and low pressure found that pressure elicited a range of psychological, physiological and kinematic changes in performance. The proposed two dimensional model from the systematic review received initial support for its application. A number of participants met the criteria for each of the different classifications: type-I, those who experience focal dystonia like symptoms; type-II, those who experience choking like symptoms and; type-III, those who experience both focal dystonia and choking like symptoms. This thesis also highlights the role of social predictors of the yips and choking with perfectionistic self-presentation being the most influential for those susceptible for the yips. These findings will enable practitioners to have a better understanding to effectively classify those who experience choking and the yips. This will allow practitioners to more effectively intervene with those who experience different classifications of the yips. The thesis also highlights the issues in the current literature that surround the measurement and conceptualisation of the yips type-I, type-II and type-III behaviour and provides future directions.

The opportunistic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus has emerged as one of the most common fungal human pathogens, causing severe and usually fatal systemic infections that account for more than 200,000 cases annually with mortality rates usually exceeding 50%. During infection, the virulence of A. fumigatus highly depends on its capacity to rapidly respond to external stress encounters in the human niche, such as the host immunological response and the activity of antifungal drugs. The echinocandin, caspofungin, is one of most commonly used antifungal drugs to treat intolerant or refractive patients suffering from invasive aspergillosis. Caspofungin disrupts the catalytic subunit of the β-1,3-glucan synthase complex, Fks1, resulting in the reduced production of the main cell wall component of A. fumigatus, the polysaccharide β-1,3-glucan. Despite its clinical relevance in patients with aspergillosis, caspofungin displays attenuated activity at high concentrations, a phenomenon known as ‘the paradoxical effect’. Little is known about the paradoxical growth of A. fumigatus during caspofungin treatment. Therefore, in this thesis, I investigated the key cellular and molecular responses of A. fumigatus upon caspofungin treatment, particularly during paradoxical growth by live-cell imaging. High-resolution confocal live-cell microscopy revealed that treatment with either low (0.5 µg/ml) or high (4 µg/ml) concentrations of caspofungin for 36 h caused similar abnormalities in A. fumigatus, including wider, hyperbranched hyphae, increased septation and repeated hyphal tip lysis. Regenerative intrahyphal growth occurred as a rapid adaptation to the lytic effects of caspofungin on hyphal tips and the dynamic relocation of Fks1 to vacuoles was a key feature observed in response to caspofungin treatment. The reduced amount of β-1,3-glucan resulting from caspofungin treatment was compensated by increased α-1,3-glucan and chitin content in mature hyphal tips. Interestingly, all lysed cells recovered by regenerative intrahyphal growth. However, after 48 h treatment, only cells exposed to high caspofungin concentrations developed paradoxical growth in leading hyphae. This response was associated with a relocalization of Fks1 at hyphal tips. Consistently, cells undergoing paradoxical growth showed normal morphology and ceased to undergo cell lysis, as well as having a normal content of β-1,3-glucan and α-1,3-glucan but not chitin, which remained high. Notably, the localization of the regulatory subunit of the β-1,3-glucan synthase complex, Rho1, was unaffected by caspofungin, but it was required for the development of paradoxical growth. Interestingly, the gene expression of the β-1,3-glucan synthase complex was downregulated by caspofungin treatment. In addition, caspofungin activity induced the nuclear translocation of the Ca+2 regulated transcription factor CrzA to nuclei and only hyphal tip cells in which this translocation occurred underwent cell lysis. Finally, similarly high concentrations of caspofungin also induced paradoxical growth of Aspergillus fumigatus during human A549 alveolar cell invasion. This thesis outlines several critical adaptations that occur at the cellular, subcellular and molecular levels at different times during exposure to high and low concentration of caspofungin.

La maladie de Parkinson est une maladie neurodégénérative progressive qui affecte le système nerveux central et se caractérise par des symptômes moteurs et non moteurs. Ces derniers comprennent des troubles du sommeil, des perturbations neuropsychiatriques et comportementales. En particulier, environ 50 % des patients atteints de la maladie de Parkinson (MP) souffrent de troubles du comportement du sommeil paradoxal (TDS), une parasomnie caractérisée par des comportements moteurs liés à des rêves. Les patients atteints de la MP souffrant de RBD ont tendance à présenter des symptômes moteurs et non moteurs plus graves que les patients ne souffrant pas de RBD, ce qui suggère que le RBD est un marqueur d'un processus neurodégénératif plus répandu. Parmi les symptômes non moteurs, les troubles neuropsychiatriques sont fréquents dans la DP et comprennent la dépression, les symptômes d'anxiété, l'apathie et les troubles du contrôle des impulsions (DCI), une complication déclenchée par la thérapie de remplacement de la dopamine (TRP). Pourtant, aucune étude n'a évalué si les patients atteints de MP et de troubles respiratoires chroniques présentent une fréquence accrue de symptômes neuropsychiatriques, en particulier des troubles du contrôle des impulsions et de l'apathie. Objectifs : évaluer si la DBR est associée aux maladies inflammatoires chroniques et/ou à l'apathie dans la maladie de Parkinson et caractériser le profil neuropsychiatrique des patients atteints de DBR. Matériel et méthodes : n=216 patients PD non déments consécutifs consultant une clinique universitaire de troubles du mouvement à Turin et Clermont-Ferrand (130 M, âge moyen : 66,9±10,8 ans) ont rempli des questionnaires pour le RBD et les CIM. En outre, 40 patients atteints de MP ayant reçu un diagnostic clinique de maladie inflammatoire chronique et 40 patients atteints de MP sans maladie inflammatoire chronique, appariés par sexe et âge, ont subi une vidéopolysomnographie (v-PSG) afin de déterminer la fréquence de la DBR. L'apathie a été évaluée chez 36 patients ayant subi une v-PSG (n=18 patients atteints de MP avec DCI, n=18 patients atteints de la MP), et sa relation avec la dépression, avec un large éventail de fonctions neuropsychologiques ainsi qu'avec des symptômes moteurs et non moteurs a été évaluée. Résultats : la DBR probable a été associée à un risque de 2,6 de développer des symptômes de CIM dans l'ensemble (p=0,001) et à un risque de 4,9 pour le jeu pathologique (p= 0,049). La RBD confirmée par le VPSG a été trouvée chez 34/40 (85%) des patients atteints de PD-ICD contre 21/40 (53%) des patients atteints de PD-noICD (p=0,003). L'association était significative après ajustement de la durée de la maladie, de l'âge d'apparition, de la gravité et de la dose de traitement (p=0,01) et l'état de la CIM est associé à un rapport impair de 5,44 pour avoir une DBR. L'apathie était plus élevée chez les patients atteints de DBR que chez les patients atteints de la MP sans DBR. Après 11 ajustements en fonction de l'âge, de la durée de la DP, des doses de DRT, des mesures cognitives et de la dépression, nous avons constaté que les PD-RBD présentent un manque d'initiative (p=0,03) ainsi qu'une tendance à la réduction des intérêts et à la recherche de nouveauté. L'ampleur de l'effet était importante (>0,8) ou presque (>0,75) pour ces variables. De plus, l'apathie était significativement corrélée à la mesure du sommeil paradoxal sans atonie. Conclusions : Nous avons montré pour la première fois que le RBD est associé à des DCI dans le DP. De plus, les patients RBD sans DAI sont plus apathiques que les patients sans RBD. Un traitement dysfonctionnel de la récompense dans le DP-RBD, résultant peut-être d'une altération plus grave de la voie méso-cortico-limbique, peut contribuer à la fois à une apathie accrue et à une fréquence accrue des DAI lorsqu'ils sont traités avec des doses plus élevées de DRT. / Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting the central nervous system characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms. The latter include sleep disorders as well as neuropsychiatric and behavioral disturbances. In particular, about 50% of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) suffer from REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), a parasomnia characterized by dream-enactment motor behaviors. PD patients with RBD tends to have more severe both motor and non-motor symptoms than PD without RBD, suggesting that RBD is a marker of a more widespread neurodegenerative process. Among non-motor symptoms, neuropsychiatric disorders are frequent in PD and include depression, anxiety symptoms, apathy and impulse control disorders (ICD), a complication triggered by dopamine replacement therapy (DRT). Yet, no study has assessed whether PD- RBD patients have an increased frequency of neuropsychiatric symptoms, particularly ICD and apathy. Objectives: to assess whether RBD is associated to ICDs and/or apathy in Parkinson’s Disease and to characterize the neuropsychiatric profile of PD patients with RBD. Material and methods: n=216 consecutive non-demented PD patients consulting a university movement disorders clinics in Turin and Clermont-Ferrand (130 M, mean age:66.9±10.8yrs.) filled out questionnaires for RBD and ICDs. Furthermore, 40 consecutive PD patients with a clinical diagnosis of ICD and 40 sex-and age-matched PD patients without ICD underwent to video-polysomnography (v-PSG) in order to determine the frequency of RBD. Apathy was assessed in 36 v-PSG recorded PD patients (n=18 PD with RBD, n=18 age- and sex-matched PD without RBD), and its relationship with depression, with a broad array of neuropsychological functions as well as with motor and non-motor symptoms was evaluated. Results: probable RBD was associated to a risk of 2.6 to develop ICD symptoms as a whole (p=0.001) and a risk of 4.9 for pathological gambling (p= 0.049). VPSG-confirmed RBD was found in 34/40 (85%) PD-ICD patients versus 21/40 (53%) PD-noICD (p=0.003). The association was significant after adjusting for PD duration, age of onset, severity and treatment dose (p=0.01) and the condition of ICD is associated to an odd ratio of 5.44 to have RBD. Apathy was higher in patients with RBD compared to PD without RBD. After 11 adjusting for age, PD duration, DRT doses, cognitive measures and depression, we found that PD-RBD have a lack of Initiative (p=0.03) together with a trend for reduced interests and novelty seeking. The effect size was large (>0.8) or almost large (>0.75) for these variables. Furthermore, apathy significantly correlated with measure of REM sleep without atonia. Conclusions: We showed for the first time that RBD is associated to ICDs in PD. Furthermore, RBD patients without ICD are more apathetic compared to patients without RBD. Dysfunctional reward processing in PD-RBD, possibly resulting from a more severe impairment of the meso-cortico-limbic pathway, may contribute to both increased apathy, and increased frequency of ICDs when treated with higher doses of DRT.