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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
181

Análises espectroscópicas em vidros aluminoboratos de bário dopados com íons de Mn / Spectroscopical analyses in barium aluminoborate glasses doped with Mn

Giehl, Júlia Maria 16 December 2005 (has links)
As amostras de vidro aluminoborato de bário (BABAL), obtido a partir da estrutura 20 Al2O3. 50 B2O3. 30 BaO mol% dopadas com manganês foram preparadas e caracterizadas pelas técnicas de absorção óptica (AO), ressonância paramagnética eletrônica (RPE) e termoluminescência (TL). O presente estudo está centrado nos íons manganês e nas suas interações com os vizinhos mais próximos que são os átomos de oxigênio e outros íons que o circundam dentro da matriz vítrea. As amostras do vidro BABAL não dopadas e irradiadas com radiação gama apresentam uma banda de absorção óptica com um máximo em 555 nm, a qual foi associada ao BOHC (boron hole center). As amostras do vidro BABAL dopadas com MnO e MnO2 não apresentaram uma mudança significativa com a radiação, pois a janela óptica relativamente reduzida não permite observar diretamente as principais transições referentes ao Mn2+. Para os vidros BABAL dopados com baixas dopagens de MnO2 (< 0,1 mol%) foi demonstrada a redução de Mn4+ para Mn3+ e posteriormente para Mn2+ até atingir a distribuição de equilíbrio nos estados de oxidação. Assim, a utilização dos diagramas de Tanabe e Sugano associados aos íons Mn2+ e Mn3+ em sítios octaédricos forneceram os resultados Mn2+=12610 ±100 cm-1 e Mn3+=21440 ±100 cm-1, respectivamente, para os vidros BABAL dopados com íons de manganês. Para os vidros Li2O.CaF2.B2O3 produzidos e caracterizados por Rao et al. calculamos a intensidade do campo cristalino, obtendo os resultados para o íon Mn2+ é 13740 ± 100 cm-1 e para o íon Mn3+ é 20030 ± 100 cm1-. Para o caso de amostras BABAL não irradiadas observou-se um aumento do pico de uma banda de absorção na região compreendidas entre os comprimentos de onda de 360 a 650 nm quando foram adicionadas quantidades crescentes de manganês. Aumentando a dopagem com MnO ocorreu um deslocamento do pico de 460 para 470 nm devido à introdução de pequenas distorções adicionais na estrutura da rede vítrea causado pela presença do íon Mn2+. As amostras dopadas com MnO2 apresentaram o mesmo comportamento para diferentes concentrações de dopantes, mas não apresentam deslocamento do pico central em 465 nm, mostrando que a adição dos íons Mn4+ introduz menores distorções à rede vítrea. O espectro RPE dos vidros BABAL dopado com MnO2 e MnO apresenta quatro ressonâncias (g1 = 5,1; g2 = 4,3; g3 = 3,0 e g4 = 2,0) que são consistentes com as impurezas contidas nestas amostras. A curva TL para as amostras irradiadas dos vidros BABAL dopados com manganês apresentou dois picos bem definidos às temperaturas de 140 0C e 302 0C, respectivamente, atribuídos ao centro de elétron do boro (BEC) e centro de buraco do boro (BOHC) e uma emissão mais fraca adicional em 4000C associado a BOHC´s na vizinhança de íons de manganês localizados no centro de unidades estruturais tetragonais. / Samples of barium aluminobonate (BABAL) glasses of composition 20 Al2O3. 50 B2O3. 30 BaO mole% doped with manganese were prepared and characterized using the techniques of optical absorption (OA), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and thermoluminnescence (TL). This study is concerned about the different manganese ions and their interactions with the nearest neighboring atoms of oxygen and other ions present in the glassy matrix. The non-doped BABAL glass samples, after being gamma-irradiated show an OA maximum at the wavelength of 555 nm that was attributed to the boron-oxygen hole center (BOHC). The BABAL glass samples doped with MnO and MnO2 did not show a significant change on irradiation, because the relatively reduced optical gap did not allow to observe directly. The main transitions due to the Mn2+ ion. For the lower doping levels with MnO2 (<0.1mole%) it was demonstrated that Mn4+ was reduced to Mn3+ and then to Mn2+ until the equilibrium redox distribution was reached. Thus, using the Mn2+ and Mn3+. Tanabe-Sugano diagrams for sites having octahedral symmetry, the results of Mn2+=12610 ±100 cm-1 and Mn3+=21440 ±100 cm-1, respectively, for BABAL glasses doped with manganese. For the Li2O.CaF2.B2O3 glasses produced and characterized by Rao et al., we calculated the crystalline field parameters, yielding the results 13740 ± 100 cm-1 for the Mn2+ ion and 20030 ± 100 cm-1 for Mn3+ . Increasing manganese content in non-irradiated BABAL samples produced an increase of the absorption in the range of 360 to 650 nm and the peak shifted from 460 to 470 nm as a consequence of the introduction of small additional distortions in the glass amorphous lattice caused by the presence of Mn2+ ions. The samples doped with MnO2 presented the same behavior for different dopant concentrations but did not show any shift for the peak in 465 nm, showing that the Mn4+ ions introduce less distortion in the glass lattice. The EPR spectra of the BABAL glasses doped with MnO2 exhibit four resonances (g1=5.1; g2=4.3; g3=3.0 and g4=2.0), consistent with the manganese and iron impurities also present in the samples. The TL of the irradiated BABAL samples doped with manganese presented two well defined peaks at the temperatures of 140 0C and 302 0C, respectively, attributed to the boron-electron center (BEC) and BOHC and an additional weak emission at 400 0C that was associated to BOHC´s in the vicinity of manganese into tetrahedral structural units.
182

Estudo dos complexos de cobre (ii) com triptofilglicina utilizando a técnica de ressonância paramagnética eletrônica / Study of complex the copper (II) with Trp-Gly by using the techinique of electronic paramagnetic resonance

Pintao, Carlos Alberto Fonzar 24 February 1989 (has links)
Neste trabalho estudou-se os complexos formados pelo íon cobre (II) com o dipeptides triptofilglicina na faixa de pH=3,0 a 13,5. A caracterização dos mesmos foram realizadas através das técnicas de Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica (RPE) em duas temperaturas (ambiente e nitrogênio líquido) e Absorção Ótica no visível (350 a 1000 nm). As amostras em solução aquosa obedeceram a relação de 10 ligantes para 1 metal. Caracterizou-se três tipos de complexos nas faixas pHs: 4.0 a 6,0; 6,0 a 12,0 e acima de 12,0. Estes complexos foram propostos com base nos dados espectroscópicos e um conhecimento prévio dos pKs dos grupos desprotonáveis, são eles: CuL2, CuL(H2O) e CuL(OH) (H2O). Estudou-se a influência da cadeia lateral pesada nos parâmetros espectroscópicos e comparativamente ao complexo Gliciltriptofano estudado por Nascimento (1985) no mesmo intervalo de pH, foi possível mostrar que o modelo de não covalência (Brill e Bryce (1968)), é o mais adequado em explicar a diminuição da constante hiperfina Az, constatado em Ph elevado. O complexo tridentado CuL(H2O) foi cristalizado e medidas de RPE no monocristal permitiram obter o tensor giromagnético molecular. Interação de exchange e/ou dipolar, não permitiram a determinação do tensor hiperfino no complexo. Através das direções principais e valores das direções das componentes do tensor cristalino e as direções das normais aos planos de coordenação, foi possível detectar uma forte interação de exchange entre dois íons vizinhos. / In this work was studied the complex made by the ion copper(II) with the dipeptide tryptophilglicine in the area of pH between 3,0-13,5. The cacacterizations of them were realized by the electron paramagnet resonance (ERP) in two temperatures (room and liquid nitrogen) and Optics Absorption in the visible (between 350 - 1100 nm). The samples in aqueous solution got the rate of 10 ligand to one metal. Three species of complex were characterized: pHs between 4,0-6,0; 6,0-12,0 and above 12,0. These complexes were proposed with foundation in the spectroscope informations and a previous know of the pKs of the deprotanatable groups, they are: CuL2; CuL(H2O) and CuL(OH) (H2O). The influency of the lateral chain weighed in the spectroscopies parameter was studied, and in compere with the glyciltryptophan complex studied by Nascimentoi (1985) in the same intermission of the pH, it was possible to show that the model of no covalente (Brill and Bryce-1968) is the adequader to explain the hiperfine constant Az diminution, evidenced in heigh pH. The tridentate complex CuL(H2O) was crystallized and EPR mensures in the monocrystal allowed to get the molecular gyromagnetic tensor. Exchange and/or dipolar interaction didn\'t allow the determination of the hyperfine tensor of the complex. By the main directions and values of the component parts of the tensor g crystalline and the normal directions to the plans of coordination, it was possible to detect a strong interaction of exchange between to neighbour ions.
183

Estudo das propriedades de termoluminescência e de ressonância paramagnética eletrônica da cordierita natural / Study of the properties of thermoluminescence and electron paramagnetic resonance of natural cordierite

Silva, Valdenir Orides da 20 April 2006 (has links)
Como parte do principal programa do Laboratório de Cristais Iônicos do Departamento de Física Nuclear do Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo, foi estudado no presente trabalho o mineral natural de cordierita, de fórmula química (Mg,Fe)(Al4Si5O18) . nH2O, amostra esta de Vana, oriunda da Bahia. O trabalho teve como enfoque as propriedades de termoluminescência (TL) e de ressonância paramagnética eletrônica (EPR). Foram obtidas curvas de emissão TL de uma amostra com dose adicional de 50 Gy no aparelho leitor montado no LACIFID, e outra de uma amostra com dose adicional de 2000 Gy no aparelho leitor do fabricante Daybreak Nuclear. As duas curvas apresentam um pico único aparente em torno de l50°C, estendendo-se de 50°C a 250°C. A curva de emissão TL da amostra com dose adicional de 2000 Gy apresentou um ombro muito pouco eminente entre 200\"C e250\"C, indicando a presença de outro pico nessa região. As amostras de cordierita com doses adicionais entre 50 Gy e 5000 Gy deram origem a curvas de emissão TL que mostram que deve haver um pico em torno de 100°C, instável à temperatura ambiente, e que quando é feita a leitura TL imediatamente após a irradiação das amostras, esse pico cresce muito rapidamente, dando a impressão de que o pico em 150°C deslocou-se para temperaturas menores. Na representação gráfica linear, a intensidade TL em função da dose é dada por uma curva exponencial do tipo I = I0[1 - exp (-D/DS)], onde I0 é a intensidade TL de saturação e DS a dose a partir da qual começa a saturação. No presente caso, para o pico TL em torno de 100°C, foram obtidos I0 ~- 4,6x105 em unidades arbitrárias, e Ds ~ 2000 Gy. Na escala logarítmica, obtém-se uma reta paralela à da linearidade, isto é, o pico TL em 100°C cresce linearmente com a dose. No entanto, o pico no intervalo 145°C 150°C apresenta supralinearidade; não muito acentuada, mas desde baixa dose (menos de 10 Gy), tornando-se sublinear em aproximadamente 800 Gy. O recozimento a uma temperatura de 600°C por uma hora antes da irradiação (no caso 500 Gy), provocou um aumento na sensibilidade do pico em 100°C, enquanto que com o recozimento a750°C por uma hora, a intensidade TL em 125°C é que sofreu aumento, e com o recozimento a 900°C por uma hora o que sofre aumento na intensidade é o pico no intervalo 145-150°C, de tal modo que dá a impressão de que o pico TL se desloca de 100°C para 150°C com o tratamento térmico de 600°C a 900°C por uma hora. O tratamento térmico isócrono a 72°C, 96°C, 116°C, 136°C, 150°C, 176°C, 196°C, 216°C, 228°C, 240°C, 260°C, 280°C e 300°C, mostrou que deve haver picos TL nos intervalos 130°C 140°C, 150°C 170°C, 210°C 220°C, 250°C 260°C e em 360°C. Com a deconvolução da curva de emissão, temos a confirmação desses picos. A determinação dos parâmetros E e s, relativos ao pico em torno de 145°C das curvas de emissão TL das Figuras VII-2 (a) e (b), foi feita usando o método de duas taxas de aquecimento, com o seguinte resultado: E = 1,305 eV e s = 3,569x1014 s-1. O método de E x Tstop desenvolvido por McKeever (1985), resultou, por outro lado, em vários patamares de energia, indicando vários picos nas regiões de 70-90°C, 95-105°C, 115-118°C, 132-138°C, 155-165°C, 175-195°C. O método de deconvolução da curva de emissão, introduzido por Gomez - Ros et al (1998), mostrou a existência de picos TL em 144°C (E = 0,98 eV; s = 1,715 x 1011 s-1), 178°C (E = 0,995 eV; s = 2,792x1010 s-1), 214°C (E = 1,13eV; s = 1,026 x 1011 s-10), 249°C (E = 1,15 eV; s = 2,323 x 1010 s-1) e 368°C (E = 1,19 eV; s = 2,824x108 s-1). O espectro de EPR da amostra natural apresentou: na região entre 2000 e 3600 Gauss, seis linhas características de Mn2+; em 1500 Gauss, a linha de Fe3+; e centrada em 3400 Gauss, a linha larga devido à interação dipolar de Fe3+. Outras linhas não foram identificadas. O tratamento térmico a 600°C por uma hora não fez se apresentarem novas linhas ou causou supressão de algumas, mas a linha de interação dipolar sofreu um aumento considerável, indicando que o tratamento térmico causou a transformação de Fe2+ em Fe3+, liberando elétrons. / The Ionic Crystals Laboratory at Physics Institute of the Sao Paulo University investigates, as its main research project, studies of physical properties of available natural Brazilian minerals of silicates. In the present work, thermoluminescense and electron paramagnetic resonance properties of cordierite, (Mg,Fe)(Al4Si5O18) . nH2O, from Vana, Bahia State have been investigated. Being natural mineral, a x-ray fluorescence analysis has been conducted, finding first of all 47 ,77 mol % of SiO2, 31,70 of Al2O3, 7,52 of MgO and 8,31 mol % of FeO, as basic component, of the cordierite crystal, and 0,287 mol% of MnO, 0,84 mol% of Na2O, 0,46 mol% CaO, 0,3 mol% K2O, 0,022mol% of TiO2 and several others in smaller concentration. Glow curves, one of a natural sample with 50 Gy additional -dose, registered in a indigenous TL reader and the other one of a natural sample irradiated to 2000 Gy additional dose obtained in Daybreak TL reader. Both glow curves are characterized by a very broad (from 50°C to 250°C) curve peaked at 150°C. The second glow curve, presents a light shoulder around 200 to 250°C. Anyway, in such a case, one expects more than two peaks composing that broad glow curve. The cordierite samples irradiated with different additional -doses in the range 50 - 5000 Gy, have originated TL glow curves that demonstrate the possible existence of a peak around 100°C, unstable in ambient temperature, but if it is read soon after irradiation, the glow curves show this peak increasing quickly, appearing that the peak around 150°C shifted itself toward smaller temperatures. In the linear representation, the TL intensity as function of the dose, is given by an exponential curve in the form I = I0[ - exp(-D/Ds)], where I0 is the TL saturation intensity and Ds is the dose of the beginning of the saturation. In the present case, I0 ~ 4,1 x 105 (arbitrary units) and Ds ~ 2000 Gy were obtained. In the logarithmic scale, it has been obtained a parallel to straight line of linearity for the 100°C TL peak. However, the peak TL around 145-150°C, presents supralinearity, not much pronounced, from low doses (below 10 Gy) up to 800 Gy; after that, becomes sublinear. The pre-irradiation annealing at 600°C/1h, has provoked an enhancement of sensibility of the 100°C peak; the pre-irradiation annealing at 750°C/1h has originated an enhancement of TL intensity of the 125°C peak; at 900°C/1h has originated an enhancement of TL intensity of the peak around 145-150°C; as consequence the TL peak seems to shift from 100°C to 150°C. The isochronous thermal treatment at 72°C, 96°C, 116°C, 136°C, 150°C, 176°C, 196°C, 216°C, 228°C, 240°C, 260°C, 280°C and 300°C, has shown the possible existence of TL peaks in the ranges 130°C 140°C, 150°C 170°C, 210°C 220°C, 250°C 260°C and at 360°C. The glow curve deconvolution calculation confirms the presence of these peaks. The determination of the parameters E and s, relative to peak around 145°C of the glow curves - Figures VII.2 (a) and (b) - was done by the method of two heating rates, and resulted: E ~ 1,305 eV and s ~ 3,569 x 1014 s-1. The E x Tstop method, developed by McKeever (1995), gives, on the other hand, several plateaus, indicating several peaks in the ranges 70-90°C, 95-105°C, 115-118°C, 132-138°C, 155-165°C, 175-195°C. E - values can be inferred from each plateau. The glow curve deconvolution, method developed by Gomez - Ros et al. (1998), has shown the existence of TL peaks at 144°C (E = 0,98 eV; s = 1,715 x 1011 s-1), 178°C (E = 0,995 eV; s = 2,792x1010 s-1), 214°C (E = 1,13eV; s = 1,026 x 1011 s-10), 249°C (E = 1,15 eV; s = 2,323 x 1010 s-1) e 368°C (E = 1,19 eV; s = 2,824x108 s-1). The EPR spectrum of the natural sample has presented in the interval of 3000 to 3600 Gauss 6 characteristic lines of Mn2+, the line of Fe3+ at 1500 Gauss and a broad line centered at 3400 Gauss owing to dipolar interaction of Fe3+. Other lines were not identified. The thermal treatment at 600°C/1h did not produce new EPR lines, neither suppressed other ones. On the other hand, the dipolar interaction line had a considerable increment, indicating that with the thermal treatment there happened the conversion from Fe2+ to Fe3+, releasing electrons, since the broad line around 3400 Gauss, due to dipolar interaction of Fe3+ - ions increased with this heat treatment.
184

Identificacao de radicais livres gerados eletroquimicamente derivados das n-nitrobenzenosulfonamidas alifáticas e aromáticas por Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica / Identification of free radicals electrochemically generated from N- nitrobenzenesulfonamides utilizing electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy

Koury, Eneida Figueiredo 17 March 1989 (has links)
Sem resumo / Sem abstract
185

Análise Espectroscópica da Interação do Hormônio Peptídico Bradicinina com Membranas Modelo / Spectroscopic analysis of the interaction of the peptide hormone bradykinin with model membranes.

Rozane de Fatima Turchiello Gómez 22 May 2000 (has links)
este trabalho estudamos a interação do hormônio peptídico bradicinina (BK, \'Arg POT.1\'-\'Pro POT.2\'-\'Pro POT.3\'-\'Gly POT.4\'-\'Phe POT.5\'-\'Ser POT.6\'-\'Pro POT.7\'-\'Phe POT.8\'-\'Arg POT.9\')e seus fragmentos (des-\'Arg POT.1\'-BK, des-\'Arg POT.9\'-BK e \'BK POT.1-5\'-) com membranas lipídicas, utilizando as técnicas de Fluorescência e Ressonância Pararnagnética Eletrônica (EPR. Por fluorescência, monitoramos as alterações espectrais da sonda fluorescente extrínseca ácido orto-aminobenzóico (Abz), incorporada à bradicinina (Abz-BK) e a seus fragmentos. Observamos um deslocamento espectral em direção ao azul, de aproximadamente 6 nm e um aumento dos valores de anisotropia e tempo de vida da fluorescência na presença de vesículas de dimiristoil fosfatidilglicerol (DMPG), indicativo da interação peptídeo-membrana. Os resultados das medidas de anisotropia com resolução temporal confirmaram esses dados, sendo que para os peptídeos em solução, encontramos um tempo de correlação rotacional da ordem de ps, e na presença de uma concentração saturante de DMPG houve um aumento desses tempos. A sonda extrínseca Abz foi inicialmente testada, para nos assegurarmos da sua validade, ou seja, de que não estaria interferindo nos processos de interação. Pela técnica de EPR, monitoramos as alterações causadas pelos peptídeos na estrutura das membranas lipídicas de DMPG, através de diferentes marcadores de spin inseridos em diferentes posições da cadeia hidrocarbônica. Para temperaturas acima da transição de fase líquido-cristalina do DMPG ( 20°C), todos os marcadores usados indicaram que I O % em moles dos peptídeos, em relação ao sistema lipídico, interagem com as vesículas de DMPG, tornando a membrana menos fluida, sugerindo urna penetração parcial dos peptídeos na membrana. Na fase gel, a bradicinina causou uma forte diminuição na fluidez da membrana, sendo que a l5°C o sistema BK-DMPG apresentou o efeito de histerese, evidenciada pelo diferente alargamento dos espectros quando a amostra era resfriada (45 a 0°C) e aquecida novamente (O a 45°C). Esses resultados são específicos do sistema BK-DMPG, não sendo encontrados com os fragmentos da bradicinina, nem com os cátions testados: o íon monovalente (Na+) e divalente (Zn++ ), nem com o peptídeo pentalisina. / In this work we studied the interaction of the peptide hormone bradykinin (BK, \'Arg POT.1\'-\'Pro POT.2\'-\'Pro POT.3\'-\'Gly POT.4\'-\'Phe POT.5\'-\'Ser POT.6\'-\'Pro POT.7\'-\'Phe POT.8\'-\'Arg POT.9\') and fragments (des-Arg 1-BK, des-Arg9-BK e BK1-5) with model lipid membranes, using two different techniques: Fluorescence and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR). We monitored the spectral alterations of the extrinsic fluorescent probe ortho­ aminobenzoic acid (Abz), bound to the peptide bradykinin (Abz-BK) and its fragments. A blue shift of 6 nm in the emission spectra and an increase in fluorescence anisotropy and lifetime in the presence of dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DMPG) were observed, indicating the peptide­ membrane interaction. Time resolved anisotropy measurements are in accord with these results. For the peptides in solution, we found a rotational correlation time on the ps range, and in the presence of a saturating concentration of DMPG this time was increased. The fluorescence properties of the extrinsic probe were tested to ensure its validity, i. e., the minimum interference of the probe in the peptide-lipid interaction process. By EPR we monitored the alterations caused by the peptide on the structure of DMPG bilayers, using spin labels incorporated in the membrane at two different positions of the hydrocarbon chain (5 and 12). For temperatures above the lipid gel-liquid crystal thermal transition 2(0°C) all the spin labels used indicated that at 10 mol % peptide, interact with DMPG turning the membrane less fluid, suggesting a partial penetration of these peptides in the membrane. In the lipid gel phase, BK was found to cause a decrease of membrane fluidity. At l5°C, the BK-DMPG system presents a hysteresis effect, evidenced by the different spectra yielded upon cooling (45 to 0°C) and heating (O to 45°C) the sample. These results were found to be different from those elicited by the BK fragments, and other cations tested: the monovalent (Na+,the divalent (Zn++), and the peptide peptide pentalysine
186

Propriedades de termoluminescência, de ressonância paramagnética eletrônica e de centros de cor de diopsídio / Thermoluminescence, electron paramagnetic resonance and color centers properties of diopside

Nilo Francisco Cano Mamani 09 October 2007 (has links)
No presente trabalho foram estudadas algumas propriedades de Termoluminescência (TL), Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica (RPE) e Refletância de uma amostra natural e de amostras artificiais de diopsídio. A curva de emissão TL das amostras tratadas termicamente a 600 `GRAUS´ C/1hr e irradiadas com dose gama mostraram um pico em aproximadamente em 160 `GRAUS´ C, que depois ficou demonstrado ser uma superposição de três picos em 160 `GRAUS´ C, 197 `GRAUS´ C e 230 `GRAUS´ C, além dos picos TL em 300 `GRAUS´ C, 350 `GRAUS´ C e 450 /C, mas de intensidade bem menor que os dos outros. Foram produzidas amostras artificiais de diopsídio, pelo método de devitrificação, uma pura e outras dopadas, separadamente, com Al, Fe e Mn. A amostra artificial pura apresentou todos os picos entre 160 e 350 `GRAUS´ C, encontrados no diopsídio natural, indicando que todos esses picos são devido a defeitos intrínsecos. A presença de Al e Mn afeta esses picos TL. O Fe, conhecido como \"killer\" abafa praticamente todos os picos, exceto o de 450 `GRAUS´ C que não depende de irradiação como os outros. O espectro de emissão TL da amostra natural apresentou uma banda em 435 nm indicando que só há um centro de recombinação, que é devido à presença de Al. A sensibilidade TL aumenta com o tratamento térmico antes da irradiação. Os picos TL crescem linearmente com a dose gama de irradiação, exceto na amostra artificial dopada com Al onde o pico em 410 `GRAUS´ C cresce sublinearmente. A irradiação UV produz decaimento na intensidade TL (fotoesvaziamento). Por outro lado induz picos TL em 90 `GRAUS´ C e 170 `GRAUS´ C nas amostras naturais pré-recozidas a 600 `GRAUS´ C por uma hora, picos não observados com banda em 1050 nm também foi observada no diopsídio artificial dopado com Fe; as bandas em 1390 nm (OH), 1910 nm H2O, 2310 nm e 2385 nm decrescem de intensidade com o aquecimento, sendo que algumas até desaparecem. No espectro de RPE foram detectados três centros. Um devido ao `Mn POT.2+´, cujo espectro RPE da amostra em pó apresenta as seis linhas hiperfinas típicas na região de 3000 a 4500 G, sendo que esses sinais não são afetados pela radiação gama e nem pelo recozimento térmico. Na amostra monocristalina orientada na direção z foram observadas todas as linhas do `Mn POT.2+´. O segundo centro é devido ao `Fe POT.3+´ em g=4,3, o recozimento na região de 500 até 900 `GRAUS´ C mostrou que o íon `Fe POT.2+´ oxida-se para `Fe POT.3+´, esse mesmo comportamento foi observado nas medidas de refletância. O terceiro centro identificado por RPE localizado em g=2,007, é o `E\' IND.1´. Os três centros observados por RPE na amostra natural, foram confirmados nas amostras artificiais de diopsídio. A emissão de luz TL envolve centros de Ti, de Al e centros `E\' IND.1´. O seguinte mecanismo de emissão TL e formação dos picos TL entre 160 e 230 `GRAUS´ C, em torno de 300 `GRAUS´ C e em torno de 350 `GRAUS´ C, é proposto: A irradiação cria os centros de Ti, de Al e o centro `VO POT.2-´. `VO POT.2-´ corresponde à vacância de oxigênio que capturou dois elétrons. Durante o aquecimento: Entre 150 e 250 `GRAUS´ C, o centro `VO POT.2-´ libera um elétron, que se recombina com os centros de Ti e de Al dando lugar ao centro `E\' IND.1´ e emissão de luz TL de 435 nm. O pico TL em torno de 160 `GRAUS´ C, composto de 3 picos é formado. O centro de Ti é eliminado, mas parte do centro de Al ainda permanece. Entre 250 e 300 `GRAUS´ C, os centros `VO POT.2-´ continua emitindo elétrons, cada um dos quais se recombina com uma parte do centro de Al remanescente emitindo a luz TL de 435 nm e formando mais centros `E\' IND.1´. Como, experimentalmente, se sabe que a concentração de centros `E\' IND.1´ atinge o máximo em 300 `GRAUS´ C, é natural admitir que, todos os centros `VO IND.2-´ se converteram em centros `E\' IND.1´. Entre 300 e 400 `GRAUS´ C, os elétrons dos centros `E\' IND.1´, formados acima, são liberados, cada um dos quais se recombina com os centros de Al que restam, observando-se a emissão de luz TL em 435 nm. Nessa temperatura, tanto os centros `E\' IND.1´ dão lugar às vacâncias de oxigênio VO, como os centros de alumínio [`AlO IND.4´/h] dão lugar aos centros `[`AlO IND.4´] POT.-´ que, para neutralidade de carga atraem íons alcalinos `M POT.+´ para formarem os centros `[`AlO IND.4´/`M POT.+´] POT. 0´. O pico em 350 `GRAUS´ C é originado nesse processo. A partir de diopsídio natural foi obtido vidro. O vidro apresentou sinais RPE de `Fe POT.3+´ em torno de 1700 G e as seis linhas típicas do `Mn POT.2+´ em torno de 3470 G. Uma banda de refletância devido a `Fe POT.2+´ com um máximo ao redor de 1000 nm é observada. / Diopside of chemical formula, CaMgSi2O6, a natural silicate mineral has been investigated concerning its Thermoluminescence (TL), Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) and Reflectance properties. Synthetic, pure or doped diopside, produced in the laboratory, has been investigated. Samples annealed at 600 `GRAUS´ C for one hour, to eliminate previously induced TL, and irradiated at several gamma-doses, presented glow curves with TL peaks around 160, 300, 350 and 450 `GRAUS´ C. Later on, the broad peak around 160 `GRAUS´ C was proved to be a superposition of peaks at 160, 197 and 230 `GRAUS´ C. The pure synthetic diopside presented TL peaks at 160 to 350 `GRAUS´ C, indicating that these peaks are due to intrinsic defects. Synthetic samples containing Al or Mn have indicated that these dopants interfere with TL peaks found in the natural diopside. Fe, on the other hand, known as \"killer\", precludes the appearance of all the peaks, except at 450 `GRAUS´ C, peak that is not affected by radiation and heat. The TL emission spectrum has presented only one band around 435 nm. This fact indicates that there is only one kind of recombination center. An annealing at temperatures above 800 `GRAUS´ C up to 1000 `GRAUS´ C yields an enhancement in the TL sensitivity up to a factor of 2. Beyond 1000 `GRAUS´ C heating, an opposite effect takes place. Except for 410 `GRAUS´ C peak found in the Al-doped artificial diopside, all the other peaks grow linearly with radiation dose, but saturate beyond `DA ORDEM DE´ kGy. In a previously gamma-irradiated sample, all the peaks are bleached rapidly under ultraviolet radiation shining. The UV light, on the other hand is able to induce TL, however only TL peaks around 90 and 170 `GRAUS´ C are observed. No explanation has been found as yet, why gamma-rays and UV light induce TL with different results.The spectrum of reflectance has shown several bands at 1050, 1390, 1910, 2310 and 2385 nm. The 1050 nm band is due to Fe2+ which is substitutional to a Mg2+ ion. This band was also observed in Fe- doped synthetic diopside. 1390 nm band is due to OH and 1910 nm to H2O; they, together with 2310 and 2385 nm bands decrease with temperature. In the EPR measurements, hyperfine signals due to Mn2+ in the region of 3000 to 4000 Gauss, g=4.3 Fe3+ signal and g=2.007 lines due to `E\' IND.1-´ center have been detected. Two first ones do not depend on irradiation. On the other hand, an annealing between 500 and 900 `GRAUS´ C decreases 1050 nm Fe2+ band followed by increase in g=4.3 Fe3+ lines, because of the oxidation of Fe2+ converts this ion into Fe3+ ion. The EPR signal of `E\' IND.1´ center increases with temperature, reaching a maximum value at 300 `GRAUS´ C, but decreasing for higher temperatures, with its extinction at 400 `GRAUS´ C. The TL light emission involves `i- , Al- and `E\'IND.1-´ centers. The following mechanism is here proposed. The irradiation creates Ti- , Al- and `VO POT.2-´ - centers. where the is an oxygen vacancy has captured two electrons. Ti- and Al- centers are of the form [`TiO IND.4´/h] and [`AlO IND.4´/h], respectively, where h denotes a hole. During heating for TL read out: Between 150 and 250 `GRAUS´ C , the `VO POT.2-´ center releases an electron that recombines with the Ti and Al centers giving the `E\' IND.1´ center and emission of light at 435 nm. The TL peak around 160 `GRAUS´ C composed of three individual peaks is formed. The Ti center is eliminated while the Al center still stays. Between 250 and 300 `GRAUS´ C, the `VO POT.2-´ centers continue to liberate electrons and their recombinations with holes in Al centers, result in the emission of TL light at 435 nm. Additional `E\' IND.1´ center is created. Experimentally it is known that the concentration of `E\' IND.1´ centers reaches its maximum at 300 `GRAUS´ C, for this, we can say that all the `VO POT.2-´ centers were converted into `E\' IND.1´ centers. Between 300 and 400 `GRAUS´ C, the `E\' IND.1´ centers liberate their electrons and each one recombines with a hole in remaining Al centers. Then, the TL light at 435 nm is emitted again. At this temperature, the `E\' IND.1´ centers give place to oxygen vacancies VO and the [`AlO IND.4´/h] centers convert to `[`AlO IND.4´] POT.-´ centers. To neutralize the charge this centers attract `M POT.+´ alcali ions to form the `[`AlO IND.4´/`M POT.+´] POT.0´ centers. The TL peak at 350 `GRAUS´ C is due to this process. From the natural diopside samples was obtained glass of diopside. The glass shows EPR component of `Fe POT.3+´ around 1700 G and six typical lines of `Mn POT.2+´ around 3470 G. A reflectance band due to `Fe POT.2+´ at approximately 1000 nm was observed
187

Propriedades de ressonância paramagnética eletrônica, absorção ótica e termoluminescência na morganita / Properties of electron paramagnetic resonance, optical absorption, and thermoluminescence in morganite

Arenas, Jorge Sabino Ayala 10 February 2003 (has links)
No presente trabalho foram investigadas as propriedades de centros de cor, de centros paramagnéticos e de centros de termoluminescência e, sua dependência com os defeitos intrínsecos e extrínsecos do berilo cor de rosa (chamada morganita) natural. O berilo, de fórmula química Be3 Al2 Si6 O18 é um cristal de silicato de alumínio e berílio que, por ser natural, encerra na sua rede cirstalina inúmeras impurezas. A análise por fluorescência de raios X revelou Na, Fe, Mn, Co, K, como átomos estranhos à rede cristalina com maior concentração e outros elementos em menor quantidade. O presente trabalho mostrou que somente Fe, Mn e Na (talvez K) como impureza atuantes, as outras não tendo influência sobre as propriedades em estudo. Uma amostra de morganita, tratada em 600º por uma hora, depois de irradiada com raios gama de uma fonte de 60Co, apresentou picos termoluminescentes (TL) em torno de 160ºC, 220ºC, 340ºC. A altura do pico de 160ºC cresce muito rapidamente com a dose da radiação tal que, os dois outros ficam escondidos. Estes podem ser destacados submetendo a amostra irradiada a um recozimento em 160ºC por 5 a 10 minutos. Quando uma amostra natural é tratada termicamente entre 500ºC e 900ºC por cerca de uma hora, a irradiação subsequente (no caso com 2 kGy de dose), produz pico TL em 160ºC crescente com a temperatura, enquanto que os dois outros picos decrescem. O tratamento térmico provoca um rearranjo na rede cristalina que favoreceu o crescimento do pico TL em 160ºC. A irradiação com luz UV de uma lâmpada de Hg (e também de Xe) induziu termoluminescência. Como a energia de um fóton de UV é meno do que a largura da banda proibida, esse resultado foi interpretado à luz da absorção de dois fótons, mecanismo, estudado por Maria Göppert-Mayer em 1931. O espectro de EPR da morganita natural apresenta sinais típicos de Mn2+, Fe3+ e do átomo H0. O centro H0 cresce com irradiação - gama, mas, é destruída por calor, a intensidade do sinal decaindo entre 160ºC e 300ºC. Na região do campo magnético entre 3100 e 3500 Gauss, são observados varias linhas EPR. A linha em g 2,0143 foi identificado como sendo devido ao radical CO3 proveniente de CO-2.3->CO-3 +e- ou HCO-3->H0+ CO-3, ambas as reações ocorrendo durante a irradiação. As linhas entre 3350 Gauss e 3360 Gauss podem ser uma superposição das linhas de Fe3+ e CH4. O espectro de absorção ótica de uma amostra natural entre 200 nm e 3200 nm apresentou bandas intensas de H2O, que são encontradas grande quantidade nos canais do berilo. O limiar de absorção UV situa-se em cerca de 350 nm. Bandas muito fracas são observadas na região visível, entre elas, as conhecidas bandas de Maxixe. Uma banda típica devido a Fe2+ é observada em 820 nm, que não se altera muito quando a morganita natural sobre um tratamento térmico em 700ºC por uma hora. As outras bandas, exceto de H2O, sofrem decréscimos consideráveis. Esse tratamento térmico revela bandas em 205 e 235 nm na região de UV. Uma irradiação muito intensa até 68 kGy aumenta a absorção UV, incluindo as bandas em 205 e 235 nm, atingindo a intensidade de absorção constante e patamar entre 200 e 250 nm. Essas irradiações intensas aumentam ligeiramente a banda de Fe2+, mas, tornam evidentes as bandas de Maxixe e bandas em 430 nm e 555 nm. / The relationship between point defects in a natural pink beryl (morganite) and its optical absorption, electron spin resonance and thermoluminescensce properties has been investigated. Beryl with chemical formula Be3 Al2 Si6 O18, is an aluminum silicate of beryllium, it is found in nature containing several impurities. A X-ray fluorescence analysis revealed Na, Fe, Mn, Co and F as impurities with large concentration and others in smaller concentration. The present work has shown that only Na, Fe an Mn have influence on properties of interest while others have none. A sample of morganite heat treated at 600°C for one hour, after being irradiated with 60Co gamma-rays exhibits thermoluminescesce (TL) peaks at 160, 220 and 340°C. the TL peak at 160°C grown very fast with radiation dose and the two others become hidden. It is necessary to annel at 160°C for few minutes in order to allow the TL peaks at 220 and 340°C to be isolated. The UV light from Hg lamp (and also Xe lamp) induces TL. Since an UV photon has not enough energy to promote one electron from the valence band to the conduction band, this result was considered as the effect of two photon absorption. Reported long time ago by M. Goppert-Mayer. The EPR spectrum of natural morganite shows the typical signals of Mn2+, Fe3+ and H°-center. H°-center grows with irradiation, but it decreases with heat, its intensity decreases between 160 and 300°C. In the interval of 3100 and 3500 Gauss of magnetic field, several EPR lines are observed, being the g 2,0143 signal identified as the CO-3 radical. This comes from the reaction CO2-3 -> CO-3 +e - or from HCO-3 -> H° + CO-3, both of them induced by irradiation. The lines seen between 3350 and 3360 Gauss can be attributed to the superposition of Fe3+ and CH4 lines. The optical absorption spectrum between 200 and 3200 nm has presented very strong bands due to H2O which are found in large amount in the beryl channels. The UV absorption edge occurs at around 350 nm. Few weak bands are present in visible region, three of them are known as Maxixe bands. A band at 820 nm is characterized of Fe2+, this band changes little on irradiation or heating. Except the H2O bands, there are bands decaying considerably under heat treatment: at 500 to 800°C, 700°C for one hour annealing shows clearly absorption bands at 205 and 235 nm, both in UV region. Irradiations up to about 70 kGy (very strong) increase highly the UV absorption including 205 and 325 nm. Such absorption is observed as a constant plateau located between 200 and 250 nm, for high dose. Strong irradiation changes slightly the Fe2+ band, and the other bands in the visible grow considerably.
188

Structure and Function of Binuclear Metallohydrolases: Enterobacter aerogenes glycerophosphodiesterase and related enzymes

Kieran Hadler Unknown Date (has links)
This thesis is focussed on structural and functional studies of a novel glycerophosphodiesterase (GpdQ) from Enterobacter aerogenes. GpdQ is highly promiscuous and is the first known phosphatase which is capable of degrading all three classes of phosphate esters (mono-, di- and triesters). Remarkably, GpdQ is also able to hydrolyse stable aliphatic phosphate esters and has been shown to degrade the hydrolysis product of the nerve agent VX. For these reasons, GpdQ has been realised to have potential as a powerful bioremediator for the removal of organophosphate pesticides and nerve agents. GpdQ is a binuclear metallohydrolase in which one of the metal ions is very weakly bound. Chapter 1 introduces the catalytic mechanisms of binuclear metallohydrolases by examining two related phosphate ester-degrading enzymes. Since one of the main features of catalysis addressed in this thesis are the differential metal binding affinities of GpdQ, Chapter 1 also canvasses a range of other binuclear metallohydrolases with similar behaviour. Chapter 2 examines the structural and evolutionary relationship between GpdQ and a number of other related enzymes. Using genome database searches, the two most closely related enzymes are identified. In performing these searches, a novel, putative binuclear metallohydrolase from Homo sapiens is also discovered. This enzyme, Hsa_aTRACP, is most closely related to PAPs, however construction of a homology model indicates that the active site tyrosine residue of PAP is replaced by histidine. In this respect, it may represent an evolutionary link to Ser/Thr protein phosphatases and GpdQ. The biology and chemistry of this putative enzyme is discussed. PAPs are the only binuclear enzymes with an established heterovalent active site of the type Fe(III)-M(II) (where M=Fe, Zn or Mn) whereas the majority of enzymes in this family have homovalent metal centres, including GpdQ and Ser/Thr protein. This is brought about due to the nature of the coordination sphere imposed by the enzyme. The activity of GpdQ can be reconstituted in the presence of Co(II), Zn(II), Mn(II) and Cd(II). Chapter 3 examines the kinetic properties of a binuclear homovalent system by studying the kinetic properties of Cd(II)-substituted GpdQ and a corresponding model complex. This comparative study leads to the identification of a terminal hydroxide molecule as the likely reaction-initiating nucleophile in Cd(II)-GpdQ with a pKa of 9.4. In Chapter 4, a detailed study of the structural, kinetic and spectroscopic behaviour of Co(II)-substituted GpdQ is presented. This chapter specifically probes the formation of the binuclear active site, the role of the metal ions in catalysis, the identity of the nucleophile and the potential role of any first or second coordination sphere residues in the regulation of enzyme activity, proton donation and metal ion coordination. Based on these findings, a detailed reaction mechanism is proposed in which the substrate itself promotes the formation of the catalytically competent binuclear centre and phosphorolysis occurs following nucleophilic attack by a terminal hydroxide molecule. A potential role of Asn80 (a ligand of one of the metal ions) in regulating both substrate and metal binding, and the role of the bridging hydroxide molecule in the activation of the terminal nucleophile is proposed. Chapter 5 employs a combination of kinetic and spectroscopic techniques to probe the proposed catalytic mechanism of GpdQ in depth. The formation of the catalytically competent binuclear centre is observed in pre-steady state studies, an integral first step in the catalytic mechanism. The dissociation and rate constants associated with formation of the binuclear centre are quantified. The rate of substrate turnover in GpdQ is relatively modest but is enhanced by a structural rearrangement involving the flexible Asn80 ligand. This structural change fine-tunes the reaction mechanism, leading to optimal reactivity. The steady-state kinetic properties of a series of metal ion derivatives (Co(II), Cd(II) and Mn(II)) of GpdQ and their reactivity towards a number of substrates are also compared. These findings lead to the conclusion that the reaction mechanism of GpdQ is modulated by both substrate and metal ion. In this respect, GpdQ is adaptive to the environmental conditions to which it is exposed by employing a flexible mechanistic strategy to achieve catalysis. Chapter 6 correlates the electronic and geometric structure of the binuclear centre in GpdQ as a means to probe specific aspects of the mechanism. This study uses the wild type enzyme and a site-directed mutant (Asn80Asp) to examine the structure of the metal ions at two stages of catalysis. The role of the bridging hydroxide molecule in nucleophilic activation is specifically addressed by monitoring changes in the electronic exchange interaction and other structural parameters as a result of phosphate binding. Also, the coordination environment of the metal ions in both the free enzyme and the phosphate-bound enzyme of wild type and Asn80Asp GpdQ were assessed against the currently proposed structures. The findings in this chapter corroborate the proposed catalytic mechanism of GpdQ. In summary, this project led to a detailed understanding of the mechanism of GpdQ, and provided insight into how both the metal ion composition and the identity of the substrate may modulate this mechanism. The knowledge gained may lead to the design of catalytically more efficient derivatives (mutants) of GpdQ for application in bioremediation.
189

Paramagnetic states of diiron carboxylate proteins

Voevodskaya, Nina January 2005 (has links)
<p>Diiron carboxylate proteins constitute an important class of metall-containing enzymes. These proteins perform a multitude of reactions in biological systems that normally involve activation of molecular oxygen at the diiron site.</p><p>During activation and functioning of these proteins their diiron sites undergo redox changes in a rather wide range: from diferrous (FeII-FeII) to high potential intermediate Q(FeIV-FeIV). Two of these redox states are paramagnetic: (FeIV-FeIII), called high potential intermediate X, and (FeII-FeIII), called mixed-valent state of the diiron carboxylate proteins. In the present work it has been shown that these redox states are of functional relevance in two proteins with different functions.</p><p>Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) from the human parasite<i> Chlamydia trachomatis</i> is a class I RNR. It is typical for class I RNR to initiate the enzymatic reaction on its large subunit, protein R1, by activation from a stable tyrosyl free radical in its small subunit, protein R2. This radical, in its turn, is formed through oxygen activation by the diiron center. In C. trachomatis the tyrosine residue is replaced by phenylalanine, which cannot form a radical. We have shown in the present work, that active <i>C. trachomatis</i> RNR uses the FeIII-FeIV state of the diiron carboxylate cluster in R2 instead of a tyrosyl radical to initiate the catalytic reaction.</p><p>The alternative oxidase (AOX) is a ubiquinol oxidase found in the mitochondrial respiratory chain of plants. The existence of the diiron carboxylate center in this protein was predicted on the basis of a conserved sequence motif consisting of the proposed iron ligands, four glutamate and two histidine residues. In experiments modeling the conditions of the enzyme catalytic cycle, i.e. reduction and reoxygenation of the overexpressed AOX in <i>Escherichia coli</i> membranes we were able to generate an EPR signal characteristic of a mixed-valent Fe(II)/Fe(III) binuclear iron center. The alternative oxidase is the first membrane protein where the existence of the diiron carboxylate center has been shown experimentally.</p>
190

Pulsed electron-cyclotron resonance discharge experiment.

January 1966 (has links)
"MIT-3221-19." / Bibliography: p. 78-81. / Contract AT(30-1)-3221.

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