In this study, after-death communication (ADC) is defined as spontaneously occurring encounters with the deceased. Reported occurrences of ADC phenomena range widely among published ADC research studies, so a systematic review of 35 studies was conducted. A rubric was developed to evaluate the methodological quality; final inter-rater reliability among three raters was r = .90. Results were used to rank the studies; the methodologically strongest studies were used to arrive at best estimate answers to four research questions/subquestions: (1) How common are experiences of ADC? How does occurrence vary by gender, age, marital status, ethnicity, religious practice, religious affiliation, financial status, physical health, educational level, and grief status? (2) To what extent do ADCrs report ADC experiences to be beneficial and/or detrimental? What are the leading benefits and/or detriments? (3) What is the incidence of research studies in which the researchers mentioned that the research participants appeared mentally healthy? (4) What is the incidence of sensory modalities—for example, visual, auditory, and kinesthetic—in which ADCs occur? Best estimate results were compiled into a one-page fact sheet that counselors and others can use to educate people who seek empirically-based information about ADC.

Belief in the paranormal is a ubiquitous phenomenon throughout the world. However, valid evolutionary reasons to account for such beliefs are limited in their ability to fully explain all types of paranormal belief. In order to test the hypothesis that superstitious beliefs may have evolved as a by-product of a mind mechanism that promotes sociality and social intelligence survey data were collected. Furthermore, a second hypothesis was tested in opposition to the first. This hypothesis sought to illustrate that any negative impact on sociality caused by paranormal belief would require that the benefits of holding such beliefs be far greater than the costs of impaired social ability. Level of social ability was measured using the Tromso Social Intelligence Scale, the Revised Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test and the Revised Experiences in Close Relationships measure. Results for global paranormal beliefs were weak, but supported the second hypothesis. Further analysis showed that two factors from the Revised Paranormal Belief Scale, superstitious belief and traditional religious beliefs, showed consistent statistical significance. Belief in superstitions was negatively correlated with measures of sociality, whereas traditional religious beliefs were positively correlated with measures of sociality. These results indicated that these two types of paranormal beliefs have different effects on sociality. Further investigation into these differences may be beneficial. Further implications for an evolutionary model of paranormal beliefs are discussed.