Intrinsic cardiac neurons are core elements of a complex neural network that serves as an important integrative center for regulation of cardiac function. Although mouse models are used frequently in cardiovascular research, very little is known about mouse intrinsic cardiac neurons. Accordingly, we have dissociated neurons from adult mouse heart, maintained these cells in culture, and defined their basic phenotypic properties. Neurons in culture were primarily unipolar, and 89% had prominent neurite outgrowth after 3 days (longest neurite length of 258 ± 20 μm, n = 140). Many neurites formed close appositions with other neurons and nonneuronal cells. Neurite outgrowth was drastically reduced when neurons were kept in culture with a majority of nonneural cells eliminated. This finding suggests that nonneuronal cells release molecules that support neurite outgrowth. All neurons in coculture showed immunoreactivity for a full complement of cholinergic markers, but about 21% also stained for tyrosine hydroxylase, as observed previously in sections of intrinsic cardiac ganglia from mice and humans. Whole cell patch-clamp recordings demonstrated that these neurons have voltage-activated sodium current that is blocked by tetrodotoxin and that neurons exhibit phasic or accommodating patterns of action potential firing during a depolarizing current pulse. Several neurons exhibited a fast inward current mediated by nicotinic ACh receptors. Collectively, this work shows that neurons from adult mouse heart can be maintained in culture and exhibit appropriate phenotypic properties. Accordingly, these cultures provide a viable model for evaluating the physiology, pharmacology, and trophic factor sensitivity of adult mouse cardiac parasympathetic neurons.

Neurturin (NRTN) is a neurotrophic factor required during development for normal cholinergic innervation of the heart, but whether NRTN continues to function in the adult heart is unknown. We have therefore evaluated NRTN expression in adult mouse heart and the association of NRTN receptors with intracardiac cholinergic neurons and nerve fibers. Mapping the regional distribution and density of cholinergic nerves in mouse heart was an integral part of this goal. Analysis of RNA from adult C57BL/6 mouse hearts demonstrated NRTN expression in atrial and ventricular tissue. Virtually all neurons in the cardiac parasympathetic ganglia exhibited the cholinergic phenotype, and over 90% of these cells contained both components of the NRTN receptor, Ret tyrosine kinase and GDNF family receptor α2 (GFRα2). Cholinergic nerve fibers, identified by labeling for the high affinity choline transporter, were abundant in the sinus and atrioventricular nodes, ventricular conducting system, interatrial septum, and much of the right atrium, but less abundant in the left atrium. The right ventricular myocardium contained a low density of cholinergic nerves, which were sparse in other regions of the working ventricular myocardium. Some cholinergic nerves were also associated with coronary vessels. GFRα2 was present in most cholinergic nerve fibers and in Schwann cells and their processes throughout the heart. Some cholinergic nerve fibers, such as those in the sinus node, also exhibited Ret immunoreactivity. These findings provide the first detailed mapping of cholinergic nerves in mouse heart and suggest that the neurotrophic influence of NRTN on cardiac cholinergic innervation continues in mature animals.

Deux des trois divisions du système nerveux viscéral – le système nerveuxparasympathique et le système nerveux entérique – sont associés aux nerfscrâniens (le troisième, le système nerveux sympathique, est associé aux nerfsspinaux). Cette étude est centrée sur les nerfs crâniens et sur les ganglionsqui leur sont associés ; plus précisément sur les stratégies cellulaires ayantlieu lors de leur ontogenèse.Je propose des principes unificateurs concernant les interactions neuronalesmises en jeu lors de la formation des nerfs crâniens branchiomériques ainsiqu’un nouveau mode de migration des précurseurs des ganglionsparasympathiques couplé à la migration de leurs partenairespréganglionnaires jusqu’au site de formation du ganglion. Enfin, je présentecertaines observations préliminaires suggérant que les précurseurs dusystème nerveux entériques utilisent ce même modus operandi pour envahirl’oesophage. / Two of the three divisions of the visceral nervous system —theparasympathetic and the enteric nervous systems— are associated withcranial nerves (the third one, the sympathetic division, being associatedwith spinal nerves). This work is focused on cranial nerves and associatedganglia and more particularly on the cellular strategies presiding over theirontogeny and wiring.I propose unifying principles of neuronal interactions that govern theformation of branchiomeric cranial nerves, as well as a novel migrationpathway followed by parasympathetic precursors, which use theirpreganglionic nerves to migrate to the site of ganglion formation. Finally, Ipresent preliminary observations suggesting that the enteric neuronalprecursors use the same trick to populate the esophagus.