Adverse childhood experiences-including parental and familial factors such as parental substance abuse, parental mental health problems, parental incarceration, parental unemployment and family violence, and personal factors such as physical, sexual, and emotional abuse- have been shown to strongly affect health risk behaviours in adulthood in the general population and are thus important in the health status of an individual. However, studies of people who use injection drugs have generally focused on disease seroprevalence and risk behaviours without considering their psychosocial histories.<p> In the 2000 Regina Seroprevalence and Risk Behaviours Study, 255 people who use injection drugs completed a standardized, confidential, and anonymous interview which included questions on adverse childhood experiences and injection-related and sexual risk behaviours. Associations among and between participants' reported adverse childhood experiences and subsequent risk behaviours were tested. Demographic factors were also considered, and general linear models of factors associated with risk behaviours were developed. <p> The rates of adverse childhood experiences and risk behaviours reported were very high. Several of the adverse childhood experiences studied were related to increased risk behaviours. The factors associated with injection-related risk behaviours were similar to those associated with sexual risk behaviours. The impact of adverse childhood experiences on risk behaviours was found to be cumulative; the more adverse childhood experiences the participants reported, the more risk behaviours they also reported. This information provides a unique opportunity to address these problems in the treatment and prevention of injection drug use. Supplementary research is needed to further elucidate the factors associated with high-risk behaviours in people who use injection drugs.

The present review focuses on understanding the explanatory mechanisms behind the use of violence within intimate relationships, highlighting the consequences of adolescents’ exposure to Inter-parental violence and gauging the role of their (adolescents) appraisal and coping strategies. The theories reviewed stress the significant impact of close figures’ behaviors on the developing child and adolescent trough observational and imitational processes, secure and insecure attachment patterns and related internal working models as well as trough building own understanding of the world and human interrelations. The review revealed also that adolescents’ exposure to Inter-parental violence constituted an unequivocal risk factor leading to a range of consequences categorized as internalizing and externalizing problems. It however indicates that the outcome behaviors are not a result of a linear process because there is range of mediating factors that explain the association between adolescents’ exposure to Inter-parental violence and outcome behaviors. Finally, appraisal of Inter-parental violence was identified as a central mechanism that impacts both the magnitude of the consequences of exposure and the adolescents’ conception and execution of coping strategies.

Adverse childhood experiences-including parental and familial factors such as parental substance abuse, parental mental health problems, parental incarceration, parental unemployment and family violence, and personal factors such as physical, sexual, and emotional abuse- have been shown to strongly affect health risk behaviours in adulthood in the general population and are thus important in the health status of an individual. However, studies of people who use injection drugs have generally focused on disease seroprevalence and risk behaviours without considering their psychosocial histories.<p> In the 2000 Regina Seroprevalence and Risk Behaviours Study, 255 people who use injection drugs completed a standardized, confidential, and anonymous interview which included questions on adverse childhood experiences and injection-related and sexual risk behaviours. Associations among and between participants' reported adverse childhood experiences and subsequent risk behaviours were tested. Demographic factors were also considered, and general linear models of factors associated with risk behaviours were developed. <p> The rates of adverse childhood experiences and risk behaviours reported were very high. Several of the adverse childhood experiences studied were related to increased risk behaviours. The factors associated with injection-related risk behaviours were similar to those associated with sexual risk behaviours. The impact of adverse childhood experiences on risk behaviours was found to be cumulative; the more adverse childhood experiences the participants reported, the more risk behaviours they also reported. This information provides a unique opportunity to address these problems in the treatment and prevention of injection drug use. Supplementary research is needed to further elucidate the factors associated with high-risk behaviours in people who use injection drugs.

Contexte. L’étiologie des comportements antisociaux est complexe et varierait au cours de la vie. Tandis que les études antérieures suggèrent que de nombreux facteurs de risque soient impliqués, plusieurs incertitudes demeurent quant aux gènes spécifiques liés à ces phénotypes et en regard de la nature indépendante ou jointe de leurs contributions avec l’environnement. Objectif. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier la contribution des gènes sérotoninergiques et de la violence parentale aux comportements antisociaux à trois périodes développementales : l’enfance, l’adolescence et le début de l’âge adulte. Méthodologie. Afin d’atteindre cet objectif, les données de 410 participants de l’Étude Longitudinale des Enfants de la Maternelle du Québec (ÉLEMQ), un échantillon populationnel à devis longitudinal et prospectif ayant débuté à l’enfance et s’étant poursuivi à l’âge adulte, ont été analysées. Plusieurs comportements antisociaux ont été mesurés à l’enfance (7 ans à 11 ans), à l’adolescence (15 ans) et au début de l’âge adulte (21 ans) par le biais de plusieurs méthodes et d’informateurs: 1) questionnaires complétés par les enseignants, 2) des entrevues semi-structurées, ou 3) des questionnaires auto-rapportés. Les données relatives à la violence parentale ont été obtenues via les questionnaires complétés de façon rétrospective par les participants à l’âge adulte. Des analyses de régressions négatives binominales ont été réalisées afin de vérifier l’association indépendante et conjointe des variants mesurés dans 11 gènes impliqués dans le système sérotoninergique (HTR1A, HTR2A, HTR2C, HTR5A, HTR6, HTR7, SLC6A4, MAOA, MAOB, TPH-1, TPH-2), deux formes de violence parentale – la violence subie et l’exposition à la violence conjugale – et les comportements antisociaux. Résultats. Les indices cumulatifs de risque génétique dérivés à partir de blocs d’haplotypes des gènes investigués permettaient d’expliquer entre 2% et 8% de la variance des comportements antisociaux, que ces derniers soient mesurés à l’enfance, l’adolescence ou à l’âge adulte. De plus, ces indices multigéniques modifient, dans certains cas, l’association entre la violence subie ou l’exposition à la violence conjugale et les comportements antisociaux. Conclusions. Les résultats de cette thèse soutiennent ceux issus des études antérieures soulignant le rôle des gènes impliqués dans le système sérotoninergique à la manifestation des comportements antisociaux. D’autre part, ces résultats suggèrent l’interaction entre les indices cumulatifs génétiques et la violence parentale à la manifestation de comportements antisociaux de l’enfance à l’âge adulte. Or, ces interactions ne sont pas observées de façon consistante et peuvent prendre diverses formes. L’investigation de l’étiologie génétique et environnementale des comportements antisociaux doit être poursuivie de façon à mieux circonscrire leurs effets synergiques, s’il y a lieu, et afin que ces connaissances puissent, éventuellement, éclairer l’examen des mécanismes impliqués et bonifier les modèles théoriques et conceptuels en découlant. / Background. The etiology of antisocial behaviors is complex, and likely vary across the life course. While the multifactorial nature of these phenotypes is clear, uncertainties remain as to which genes are involved whether or not these genes interact with putative pathogenic environments. Aim. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the unique and joint contributions of serotonergic genes and parental violence in three developmental periods: childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. Methodology. Data were from 410 male members of the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Kindergarten Children, who were prospectively followed from kindergarten to early adulthood. Antisocial behaviors were assessed in childhood (7-12 years), adolescence (15 years) and early adulthood (21 years) using a multi-method and multi-informant strategy, including teacher ratings, clinical interviews and self-report questionnaires. Negative binominal regressions were used to investigate the main and interaction effects between the cumulative indexes encompassing 11 serotonergic candidate genes (HTR1A, HTR2A, HTR2C, HTR5A, HTR6, HTR7, SLC6A4, MAOA, MAOB, TPH-1, TPH-2), two forms of parental violence – child-directed and child-witnessed parental violence – and antisocial behaviors. Results. Haplotype-based cumulative genetic indexes explained between 2% and 8% of the variance in antisocial behaviors, measured in childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. Moreover, these multigenic serotonergic risk indexes moderated, in some instances, the association between parental violence and antisocial outcomes. Conclusions. This thesis offers additional support suggesting that the serotonergic candidate genes may be involved in the etiology of antisocial behaviors. It also provides further evidence that these genes may interact with parental violence in antisocial social behaviors exhibited in childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. However, these interactions did not arise uniformly and took multiple forms. Overall, our findings suggest that the investigation of the genetic and environmental etiology of antisocial behaviors should be pursued to better delineate their synergic effect, if any, and to eventually mobilize this knowledge to inform the search of the underlying mechanisms and to improve our theoretical and conceptual models.

The thesis concerns two pathways for legal intervention in cases of suspected child abuse at the hands of parents. One pathway is based on social law, where society's utmost tool is child protective custody. The other pathway is criminal law, where the abuse is investigated and enforced as a criminal offence. Sometimes only one of these pathways becomes relevant, sometimes both. The purpose of the thesis is to examine and analyse the regulatory framework and its practical application, and to highlight what the two pathways of intervention can accomplish in relation to the child victim's rights and interests. In the case of child abuse, the (legal) relationship between parents and children - and between children, parents and society - is brought to a head. The study demonstrates that many complex legal issues arise when the person subjecting the child to violence and abuse is the same person who under family law answers for the child's protection, care and representation. It is inter alia noted that the concept "best interests of the child" is interpreted somewhat freely, which can risk overriding the legal rights of the child victim. It is concluded that, in order to secure the child victim's legal protection, the regulation needs many small enhancements, each tailored to the problem conditions.

Despite the large number of children and siblings who are exposed to domestic violence, relatively few studies have examined sibling influences on the psychosocial effects of exposure to domestic violence. The aim of this study was to explore the opinions of experienced child and family clinicians on whether, and how, the presence of siblings moderates children’s experiences of domestic violence and any subsequent effects on their development and wellbeing. This study employed an Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis to analyse interviews with five clinicians. Analysis of the interviews revealed six superordinate themes; one sibling taking on a protective and parental role; polarisation of sibling relationships; factors influencing sibling relationships; the impact on the sibling taking on a parenting or protective role; impact on the sibling being protected; and the importance of individual family context. Overall, the findings from the interviews with the clinicians suggest that in families where children are exposed to domestic violence one child tends to take on a parental role and also attempts to protect their siblings from the violence. These results also emphasise the importance of formulation in understanding the influence of sibling relationships on the psychosocial effects of domestic violence, as there are many different factors which need to be considered. Some implications for clinical practice are discussed and potential future research directions are outlined.

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