Ce mémoire est consacré à la compensation des effets de flous dans une image, communément appelés effets de volume partiel (EVP), avec comme objectif d’application l’amélioration qualitative et quantitative des images en médecine nucléaire. Ces effets sont la conséquence de la faible résolutions spatiale qui caractérise l’imagerie fonctionnelle par tomographie à émission mono-photonique (TEMP) ou tomographie à émission de positons (TEP) et peuvent être caractérisés par une perte de signal dans les tissus présentant une taille comparable à celle de la résolution spatiale du système d’imagerie, représentée par sa fonction de dispersion ponctuelle (FDP). Outre ce phénomène, les EVP peuvent également entrainer une contamination croisée des intensités entre structures adjacentes présentant des activités radioactives différentes. Cet effet peut conduire à une sur ou sous estimation des activités réellement présentes dans ces régions voisines. Différentes techniques existent actuellement pour atténuer voire corriger les EVP et peuvent être regroupées selon le fait qu’elles interviennent avant, durant ou après le processus de reconstruction des images et qu’elles nécessitent ou non la définition de régions d’intérêt provenant d’une imagerie anatomique de plus haute résolution(tomodensitométrie TDM ou imagerie par résonance magnétique IRM). L’approche post-reconstruction basée sur le voxel (ne nécessitant donc pas de définition de régions d’intérêt) a été ici privilégiée afin d’éviter la dépendance aux reconstructions propres à chaque constructeur, exploitée et améliorée afin de corriger au mieux des EVP. Deux axes distincts ont été étudiés. Le premier est basé sur une approche multi-résolution dans le domaine des ondelettes exploitant l’apport d’une image anatomique haute résolution associée à l’image fonctionnelle. Le deuxième axe concerne l’amélioration de processus de déconvolution itérative et ce par l’apport d’outils comme les ondelettes et leurs extensions que sont les curvelets apportant une dimension supplémentaire à l’analyse par la notion de direction. Ces différentes approches ont été mises en application et validées par des analyses sur images synthétiques, simulées et cliniques que ce soit dans le domaine de la neurologie ou dans celui de l’oncologie. Finalement, les caméras commerciales actuelles intégrant de plus en plus des corrections de résolution spatiale dans leurs algorithmes de reconstruction, nous avons choisi de comparer de telles approches en TEP et en TEMP avec une approche de déconvolution itérative proposée dans ce mémoire. / Partial Volume Effects (PVE) designates the blur commonly found in nuclear medicine images andthis PhD work is dedicated to their correction with the objectives of qualitative and quantitativeimprovement of such images. PVE arise from the limited spatial resolution of functional imaging witheither Positron Emission Tomography (PET) or Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography(SPECT). They can be defined as a signal loss in tissues of size similar to the Full Width at HalfMaximum (FWHM) of the PSF of the imaging device. In addition, PVE induce activity crosscontamination between adjacent structures with different tracer uptakes. This can lead to under or overestimation of the real activity of such analyzed regions. Various methodologies currently exist tocompensate or even correct for PVE and they may be classified depending on their place in theprocessing chain: either before, during or after the image reconstruction process, as well as theirdependency on co-registered anatomical images with higher spatial resolution, for instance ComputedTomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The voxel-based and post-reconstructionapproach was chosen for this work to avoid regions of interest definition and dependency onproprietary reconstruction developed by each manufacturer, in order to improve the PVE correction.Two different contributions were carried out in this work: the first one is based on a multi-resolutionmethodology in the wavelet domain using the higher resolution details of a co-registered anatomicalimage associated to the functional dataset to correct. The second one is the improvement of iterativedeconvolution based methodologies by using tools such as directional wavelets and curveletsextensions. These various developed approaches were applied and validated using synthetic, simulatedand clinical images, for instance with neurology and oncology applications in mind. Finally, ascurrently available PET/CT scanners incorporate more and more spatial resolution corrections in theirimplemented reconstruction algorithms, we have compared such approaches in SPECT and PET to aniterative deconvolution methodology that was developed in this work.

In ischaemic stroke a disruption of cerebral blood flow leads to impaired metabolism and the formation of an ischaemic penumbra in which tissue at risk of infarction is sought for clinical intervention. In stroke trials, therapeutic intervention has largely been based on perfusion-weighted measures, but these have not been shown to be good predictors of tissue outcome. The aim of this thesis was to develop analysis techniques for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) in order to quantify metabolic signals associated with tissue fate in patients with acute ischaemic stroke. This included addressing robustness for clinical application, and developing quantitative tools that allow exploration of the in-vivo complexity. Tissue-level analyses were performed on a dataset of 12 patients who had been admitted to the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford with acute ischaemic stroke and recruited into a clinical imaging study. Further characterisation of signals was performed on stroke models and tissue phantoms. A comparative study of CEST analysis techniques established a model-based approach, Bloch-McConnell model analysis, as the most robust for measuring pH-weighted signals in a clinical setting. Repeatability was improved by isolating non-CEST effects which attenuate signals of interest. The Bloch-McConnell model was developed further to explore whether more biologically-precise quantification of CEST effects was both possible and necessary. The additional model complexity, whilst more reflective of tissue biology, diminished contrast that distinguishes tissue fate, implying the biology is more complex than pH alone. The same model complexity could be used reveal signal patterns associated with tissue outcome that were otherwise obscured by competing CEST processes when observed through simpler models. Improved quantification techniques were demonstrated which were sufficiently robust to be used on clinical data, but also provided insight into the different biological processes at work in ischaemic tissue in the early stages of the disease. The complex array of competing processes in pathological tissue has underscored a need for analysis tools adequate for investigating these effects in the context of human imaging. The trends herein identified at the tissue level support the use of quantitative CEST MRI analysis as a clinical metabolic imaging tool in the investigation of ischaemic stroke.