This thesis probes the relevance of objections against newly establishing contemporary paradigm of human dignity, based on connection between dignity and Kantian views on human autonomy, which possess universalistic ambitions. First chapter introduces the fundamental concepts of human dignity during history. The chapter shows there have been evolved at least three different concepts: (i) dignity as an internal value; (ii) dignity as a social status; and (iii) dignity as a certain manner of social behavior. Second chapter consequently deals with courts` techniques regarding the dignity as a legal concept. The conclusions extrapolated from German, Israeli and South African judicial decision-making noticeably support objections raised in contemporary discourse against the abovementioned universalistic concept. In spite of these universalistic ambitions, human dignity represents concept enabling to construe individual human rights through values shared by vast majority in certain jurisdictions. This mindset naturally leads to the limitation of individual freedom rather to its expansion, in the name of an idea that ideal moral order objectively exists. Consequently, the authority of classical human rights is considerably weakened. In third chapter the effort to analyze and construe current judicial practice is...

The goal of this paper is to identify four types of voluntary failure by L. M. Salamone in Czech public-serving non-governmental organizations (NGO's) and to determine extend of their display by studying of the development of one particular organization and presence and dynamics of these failures. The paper is a case study of the NGO spolek Naděje which mostly works in the field of social services across the area of the Czech Republic. This organization is examined by predefined indicators which were chosen for all four types of voluntary failure. These are philanthropic insufficiency, philanthropic particularism, philanthropic paternalism and philanthropic amateurism. The paper consists of five parts. The theoretical part introduces the key concepts and theories for this paper, fundamental definitions of the civil sector, theory of the state and market failure, a role of the civil sector and brief characteristics of public-serving NGO's. Last but not least there are described four types of voluntary failure of Salamone. The next part presents the methodology of the study for which it was chosen strategy of the research, i.e. case study of one public-serving NGO, and research indicators. Finally, the empirical part includes the research which analyses the dynamics of the development of researched...

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