From the history of the Church, we gather that one of the most major tests that confronted the early Christian community was whether everyone who wanted to become a Christian also of necessity had to become a Jew as a pre-requisite for entrance into the new community of believers. The issue at stake is whether one qualifies to be a Christian through adherence to the Jewish identity, which centres on circumcision and the observance of the Mosaic legal code. The crisis resulted to the convocation of the Jerusalem Council (cf. Acts 15), which tasked itself with the definition of the Christian identity. The Council bases its definition of Christian identity, separable from adherence to the Jewish cultural practice (a form of cultural imperialism), solely on election by God in Jesus Christ. Moreover, the event of the Pentecost in Jerusalem demonstrated what the nature of the spreading of the message of this new community of believers in Jesus Christ should be: that people from other cultures, “Parthians, Medes and Elamites; people from Mesopotamia, Judaea and Capadocia, Ponthus and Asia, Phrygia and Pamphylis, Egypt and the parts of Libya around Cyrene; as well as visitors from Rome, Jews and Proselytes alike, Cretans and Arabs” (Acts 2: 9-11), could understand the message that Peter communicated to them through the force of the breath of the risen Jesus in their own mother tongue, without first becoming Jews. Against the background of this crucial point in the history of the early Church and in consideration of the Second Vatican Council, this dissertation seeks to address the problem of identity, unity and diversity in the Christian religion with special reference to Africa. It proposes that the traditional African Rites of Initiation that mark the transition from one stage of life to the other and therefore the existential and essential transformation of the individual and group offer with their rich symbolisms a very fertile ground for dialogue with the Christian religion. It views the various Rites of Initiation (from birth and ritual circumcision over puberty and adult to marriage and funeral rites) as vital and immutable seminal points in the life of the individual African and his/her society at large. These Rites that express in various ways the African holistic view and conception of life and reality are, in terms of their religious symbolism, meaning and function, analogous to their Christian counterparts (such as baptism, confirmation, Eucharist, ordination, marriage) and can as a result be conveniently accepted or at least incorporated even if in modified forms as authentic African initiation rites for African Christians. Without being syncretistic, such an incorporation and modification at one and the same time recognizes and respects the cultural identity of the African and marks his/her transformation and acceptance of his/her new identity, modelled on Christ. In this way, the African Christian will be enabled to live, articulate and express his/her faith within his/her own historical-cultural milieu. On the whole, the presentation is predictive and prescriptive with regard to what the relationship and dialogue between Christianity and the African Traditional Religion should be or should not be. It is an honest effort to make the Christian message relevant to the African in his/her own perceptual and conceptual world-view. This task remains a steady challenge to African Christians who want to maintain at one and the same time and at the same level their African identity and their Christian calling. The balancing and reconciling of these two identities in a correlating rather than confrontational manner remains a task for the Church of today and tomorrow. The dissertation is a foundational contribution to building up and sharpening consciousness for this problem.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden erstmals sämtliche bisher bekannte Texte in hethitischer Sprache zum Vogelorakel (der Ornithomantie) in Übersetzung und Bearbeitung vorgelegt. Zur inhaltlichen Auswertung dieses Textkorpus zählen nicht nur die Vogelnamen, sondern auch die relevanten Fachtermini in Bezug auf den Vogelflug. Somit schließt diese Arbeit eine Forschungslücke, da mehr als die Hälfte der erhaltenen Texte zur hetitischen Ornithomantie bislang unpubliziert waren, und die Bedeutungen der in den hethitischen Texten verwendeten Begriffe zum Vogelflug erst durch diese Arbeit verständlich werden. / The present work presents an edition with translation of all the Hittite ornithomantic texts. The analysis of this corpus includes not only a discussion of the names of birds, but also the relevant terms about the flight of birds. Thus, this work fills a gap in research, since more than half of the Hittite ornithomantic texts are so far unpublished. Moreover, this work offers for the first time an understanding of the meanings of the terms for the flight of birds.

Ein Totenbuch ist ein Jenseitsführer bzw. ein Korpus an unterschiedlichen Sprüchen, welches den Verstorbenen auf seinem Weg ins Jenseits mit Wissen austatten soll. Nur durch die Kenntnis der Topographie und der Gefahren sowie magischem Wissen und dem Wunsch nach fortdauernder Versorgung konnte er unbeschadet ins Jenseits gelangen und dort weiterexistieren. Ziel der Dissertation war zum einen die Erstedition des Totenbuches des Chonsiu, das aufgrund seines stark fragmentierten Zustandes bisher nur am Rande und in wenigen Details erforscht, aber dennoch gerne als Vergleichshandschrift hinzugezogen wurde. Zudem handelt es sich bei diesem um eines der wenigen genau datierbaren Totenbücher, die es gibt – nach Chonsius Totenstele verstarb er im Jahr 249 v. Chr. Zum anderen sollte eine Art Überblickswerk geschaffen werden, in dem die grundlegenden Punkte der memphitischen Totenbuchredaktion der Ptolemäerzeit zusammengefasst sind. Die memphitischen Totenbücher besitzen ein einprägsames Layout sowie eigene charakteristische Vignettenvarianten, eigene Spruchsequenzen und variieren innerhalb des verwendeten Spruchguts. Einige Eigenarten und Varianten beschränken sich auch auf die Handschriften die in der Werkstatt angefertigt wurden aus der das Totenbuch des Chonsiu stammt. / A Book of the Dead is an ancient egyptian Guide to the Netherworld or rather a collection of different spells which should provide the deceased on his journey to the afterlife. Only by applying a thorough knowledge of the topography accordingly and a profund magical understanding he was able to pass the underworld with all its dangers unharmed and continue to exist. Objective of this thesis is the first edition of the Book of the Dead of Khonsiu which wasn’t studied intensively yet in detail because of its very fragmentary condition. Nevertheless it was taken very often as parallel for other Books of the Dead from Memphis. As well is Khonsius Book of the Dead one of few existing manuscripts which can be dated exactly. The stela of Khonsiu states the date of his burial in the year of 249 BC. The thesis is also be intended as a summary of all the main issues of the memphite Book of the Dead tradition in the ptolemaic period. The memphite manuscripts show a remarkable layout and characteristic variants of their vignettes. They also applied some special sequences in the order of the spells. Some characteristics and variants are restricted only to Books of the Dead which were produced in the same workshop as the manuscript of Khonsiu.

The paper argues that the distinction between religious and secular realms of society is not as clear-cut in modern societies as it appears in theories of functional and institutional differentiation. The data used are mainly from China with a short excursion to the United States. The starting point is ancestor worship, which is a central element of traditional Chinese religion. The significance of ancestor worship in Chinese history and culture is briefly explained to illustrate on the one hand its central importance as a ritual practice and on the other hand the ambiguities of interpretation. On this basis, some theoretical considerations about the existence of ancestors are presented. This is followed by a report on contemporary temple festivals focusing on the worship of Fuxi, a mythic figure considered to be the first ancestor of the Chinese people. The next step is the description of official state rituals devoted to the worship of the very same mythological hero in contemporary China. Against this backdrop, the last part of the paper discusses the theoretical questions of classification and distinguishing between the religious and the secular.

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Der vorliegende Beitrag versucht eine Weiterentwicklung des religiösen Feldmodells des französischen Soziologen Pierre Bourdieu, welches dieser auf der Grundlage der Vorarbeiten Max Webers aufgestellt hat. Am Beispiel der vielseitigen religiösen Landschaft Chinas werde ich zeigen, dass dieses Modell jedoch nur bedingt erklärungsfähig ist, da es (1) die Rolle des Staates und staatlicher Akteure bei der Ausformulierung des religiösen Feldes ausblendet und (2) die von Weber übernommenen vier Akteurstypen bzw. Feldpositionen die Komplexität religiöser Interaktionen in China nicht abbilden können. Ausgehend von dieser Beobachtung werde ich auf die regulative und domestizierende Macht des Staates eingehen und zeigen, dass das religiöse Feld Chinas als Oligopol oder Polypol zu verstehen ist. Des Weiteren werde ich unter Rückgriff auf die chinesische Religionsgeschichte eine detaillierte Differenzierung der Feldpositionen vornehmen und dabei v.a. auf die unterschiedlichen Interessen und Commitments der „Laien“ eingehen.

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