The effectiveness of interest rate pass-through is crucial when shaping monetary policy. In this paper we use error correction framework in order to estimate the speed and the completeness of pass through in Slovakia. Our thesis brings a unique research on how the financial crisis and Euro adoption affect the pass-through. In Slovakia those events occur at the same time; we attempt to distinguish between what phenomenon has greater impact. We also distinguish between what bank characteristics have impact on individual bank's spread during financial crisis. Our results suggest that the interest rate pass-through completeness increases in long term. We however found evidence of decreasing pass-through in case of deposit rates during crisis. Banks are unwiling to lower them and hence harm their competitve position. The pass-through in Slovakia is found to be relatively fast and consistent throughout periods. With the crisis, the speed for mortgages rates however decreases. We conclude that the impact of financial crisis outweights the impact of Euro adoption. Concerning the banks' characteristics, we conclude that higher portion of loans on assets, higher costs over income and better liquidity position decrease the spread. This is explained by the size of Slovakian banking market; banks lower their spread to...

This thesis analyzes the incomplete exchange rate pass-through effect on Mongolian economy and its implication on monetary policy under foreign and domestic shocks. The analysis is carried out in a small open economy New Keynesian DSGE model proposed by Monacelli (2005), where incomplete exchange rate pass-through is introduced via nominal rigidities on import prices. In order to accomplish the goal, we firstly derive the solutions of the model, calibrate the parameters, and finally simulate the impulse responses. Moreover, SVAR estimation is achieved to estimate the pass-through. Four main results are obtained. First, the exchange rate pass-through into import price and inflation is 0.69% and 0.49% respectively in short run, implying incomplete pass-through in Mongolia. Second, the exchange rate acts as a shock absorber for domestic productivity and foreign demand shock, but as a shock amplifier for domestic demand shock. Third, in case of incomplete pass-through the central bank of Mongolia is required to adjust the nominal interest rate more under the productivity shock, but less for the domestic and foreign demand shock. Finally, deviations from the law of one price contributes considerably to the variability of the output gap under the low pass-through. Therefore, considering incomplete pass-through in...

We analyze the pass-through of cost changes to retail tariffs in the German electricity market over the 2007-2014 period. We find an average pass-through rate of around 60%. This significantly varies with demand factors: while the pass-through rate to baseline tariffs, where firms have greater market power because customers are less willing to switch, is only 50%, it increases to 70% in the competitive segment of the market. Although the pass- through rate of independent firms is significantly higher than that of other firms in the competitive market segment, the extent of supply-side heterogeneity is limited. Thus, the firms' ability to exercise market power and reduce pass-through appears to be constrained by competition and largely determined by demand side factors. Finally, we find that the pass-through rate in the competitive market segment has been approaching unity over the past years, indicating a rise in competitive pressure.

Recentemente, importantes questionamentos emergiram na literatura sobre repasse cambial. Mais especificamente, foi dada crescente atenção à hipótese de Taylor (2000) de que o pass-through se reduziu em diversos países como conseqüência do ambiente de inflação mais baixa. Esta dissertação investiga o tema através da aplicação de painéis dinâmicos para um conjunto de economias desenvolvidas. Deste modo, são estimados modelos de efeito fixo e Arellano-Bond em janelas fixas (rolling windows), que apontam para uma redução substancial na transmissão do câmbio para a inflação. A análise de potenciais determinantes macroeconômicos dessa queda indica que o ambiente inflacionário foi o principal elemento por trás do fato, sobretudo nos anos oitenta e noventa, em que o processo de desinflação foi mais intenso. Por outro lado, os anos dois mil apresentam um coeficiente de pass-through bastante baixo e estável, visto que o cenário de inflação baixa já estava consolidado para o conjunto de economias analisadas. / Recently, economists have become more interested in studying exchange rate pass-through. More specifically, increasing attention has been given to Taylors (2000) hypothesis that the passthrough has declined in several countries as a result of a lower inflation environment. This dissertation examines this issue through the application of dynamic panels for a number of developed economies. Panel data models are estimated here using fixed effects and Arellano- Bond estimators in rolling windows. The results point to a substantial reduction in the transmission of exchange rate to inflation. The analysis of potential macroeconomic determinants of this decline indicates that the inflationary environment was the main factor behind this fact, mainly in the eighties and nineties when the disinflation process was more intense worldwide. On the other hand, in the first decade of this century the pass-through coefficient was fairly low and stable, perhaps because the scenario of low inflation was already a longstanding reality to the economies analyzed in the present study.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:52:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael de Azevedo Ramires Leao.pdf: 251161 bytes, checksum: 0d3da37cb732440f5bd582dfdd2c4e12 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-12 / This research attempted to verify the existence of nonlinearities or asymmetric characteristics of exchange rate pass-through to industrial inflation in Brazil, through a measure of macroeconomic instability. Like many previous researches, the argument is that the exchange rate pass-through occurs in a nonlinear way rather than linear, as most research presuppose, and therefore is best estimated when using nonlinear methods. In this research, to verify this evidence, the smooth transition regression model was used, following the study of Nogueira Jr. & León-Ledesma (2009). The results suggest that the exchange rate pass-through responds nonlinearly to an increase of macroeconomic risk perceived by its agents and expressed in Country Risk. Industrial production and the prices of imports of manufactured goods also showed nonlinear influence on industrial inflation / Esta pesquisa buscou verificar a existência de características não lineares ou assimétricas do repasse cambial para inflação industrial no Brasil através de uma medida de instabilidade macroeconômica. Assim como uma série de trabalhos anteriores, o argumento é que o pass-through cambial ocorre de maneira não linear, ao invés de linear como a maioria das pesquisas pressupõem e, portanto é melhor estimado quando se usa métodos não lineares. Nesta pesquisa, para verificar essas evidências, foi utilizado o modelo de regressão de transição suave (smooth transition regression), seguindo o estudo de Nogueira Jr. & León-Ledesma (2009). Os resultados sugerem que o pass-through cambial responde de maneira não linear ao aumento do risco macroeconômico percebido pelos seus agentes e expresso no Risco-País. A produção industrial e os preços de importações de bens manufaturados também demonstraram influências não lineares na inflação industrial

Accurate modeling of mixed solvent electrolyte systems is difficult and is not readily available in property modeling software such as Aspen Plus. Support for modeling these systems requires the knowledge and input of parameters specific to the compounds in question. The need for these parameters is particularly relevant in simulating new designs based upon recent developments in a concept known as pass-through distillation (PTD). In support of a specific application of PTD, this work determines and validates with existing experimental data, accurate user-parameters for the eNRTL property model in the ternary system of ethanol, water, and lithium bromide. Furthermore, this work creates the foundation for simulating this new PTD process by modeling the removal of bioethanol from a fermentation broth using low temperature evaporation in conjunction with absorption and stripping units to omit the need of a condenser requiring refrigeration. This will enable future investigations into the applications of PTD as well as provide a foundation for modeling the ternary system of ethanol, water and lithium bromide.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-08-23T14:26:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Aline Teixeira Canabarro_.pdf: 753214 bytes, checksum: a85c55a3c1155bcbafd39b22983b4451 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-23T14:26:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Aline Teixeira Canabarro_.pdf: 753214 bytes, checksum: a85c55a3c1155bcbafd39b22983b4451 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-07 / Nenhuma / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo investigar qual foi o grau de repasse cambial para a inflação (pass-through), para os países selecionados da América Latina, em particular, Brasil, Chile, Colômbia e México, sob o enfoque macroeconômico, entre 2000 e 2015. Para isso empregou-se o modelo VAR/VEC. Os resultados das funções de impulso-resposta (relação de curto prazo) indicam que para o Brasil e Colômbia, a taxa de câmbio pressiona os aumentos da inflação e o pass-through é maior. Já no Chile e México, as variações do câmbio não predominam as variações da inflação (movimento de endogenia), sendo o pass-through menor. A Colômbia apresenta maior sensibilidade às mudanças cambiais, seguida de Brasil, Chile e México, nessa ordem. As equações de longo prazo mostram que no Brasil, Chile e México, aumentos na produção industrial tem o efeito de reduzir a inflação do país. Provavelmente isso ocorra devido ao efeito escala gerado na produção desses países. Outro resultado que destaca-se no longo prazo é a taxa de câmbio não ser significativa para o Brasil e Chile, sugerindo que as mudanças na taxa de câmbio não tem efeito sobre a inflação no longo prazo. Os resultados apontaram para direções semelhantes a outros estudos, além do grau de pass‑through ser incompleto (assimetria) e o maior repasse seja para países com setores produtores de bens de menor conteúdo tecnológico. / This dissertation aims to investigate which was the exchange retrace to the inflaction (pass-through), for the selected countries in Latin America, specially Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico, under the macroeconomical focus, among the years 2000 and 2015. For such, it was used the VAR/VEC model. The results of the impulse-response functions (short time relation) indicate that for Brazil and Colombia, the Exchange rate pressures the increase of the inflaction and the pass-through is higher. While in Chile and Mexico the Exchange variations do not predominate the inflaction variations (endogeny movement), sendo o pass-through menor. Colombia presentes more sensibility to the exchange changes, followed by Brazil, Chile and Mexico, respectively. The long term equations show that in Brazil, Chile and Maxico the increase in the industrial production has the effect of reducing the inflaction of the country. It probably happens because of the scale effect generated in the production of these countries. Another result that is highlighted in the long term is that the exchange rate is not relevant in Brasil and Chile, suggesting that the changes in the Exchange rate do not have affect on the long term inflaction. The results point to similar directions of other studies, beyond the pass‑through degree being incomplete (assimetry) and the higher retrace be in countries with productive sectors of goods of lower technological content.

A presente dissertação discute o repasse cambial para o IPCA na economia brasileira durante o período compreendido entre janeiro de 1999 e dezembro de 2007. A ampla maioria dos trabalhos que versam sobre este tema aborda a redução do repasse após a adoção do regime de metas de inflação e/ou tem como único foco o impacto das desvalorizações cambiais no aumento dos índices de preços. Este trabalho, por outro lado, aborda de maneira explícita o papel da valorização do Real sobre a variação do IPCA no período recente, configurando o que denominamos de repasse cambial reverso. Para tanto, estimamos o repasse cambial por meio de um modelo de vetores auto-regressivos tanto para o referido período (1999-2007), quanto para outros dois recortes temporais: entre janeiro de 1999 e junho 2003 (amostra 1), período no qual se verifica uma tendência de desvalorização cambial e aumento de preços; e de julho de 2003 a dezembro de 2007 (amostra 2), período caracterizado pelo processo inverso, de valorização da taxa de câmbio e de cumprimento das metas de inflação na maioria dos anos. Os principais resultados foram: (i) no longo prazo os coeficientes de repasse cambial para o IPCA para as duas amostras foram superiores àqueles verificados para o período completo; e (ii) o repasse estimado para a amostra 2 foi bem elevado, ainda que inferior àquele obtido para a amostra 1. Estes resultados reforçam o argumento de que a taxa de câmbio desempenhou um papel proeminente no controle da inflação no período 2003-2007. / The present dissertation discusses the exchange rate pass-through to the headline inflation index, i.e. extensive national consumer price index (IPCA) in the Brazilian economy between January 1999 and December 2007. The vast majority of works dealing with this issue addresses the reduction of the pass-through after the adoption of the inflation targeting regime and / or focuses on the impact of exchange rate devaluation over the price index. This work, alternatively, discusses the role of the Brazilian currency appreciation in the recent period, resulting in what was labeled as reverse exchange rate pass-through. Thus, we have used a model of auto-regressive vectors to estimate the exchange rate pass-through for the full period (1999-2007), and for two other periods: between January 1999 and June 2003 (sample 1), during which there was a tendency for devaluation and increase in domestic prices, and from July 2003 to December 2007 (sample 2), that was a period characterized by the reverse process, that is exchange rate appreciation and in the most cases the achieving of the inflation targets. The main results were: (i) in the long run the exchange rate pass-through coefficients to IPCA of the two samples were higher than those observed for the full period, and (ii) the pass-through estimated for the sample 2 was very high, despite the fact that it was lower than that obtained for the sample 1. Those results reinforce the argument that the exchange rate played a prominent role in controlling inflation in the period 2003-2007.

This thesis investigates the role of the exchange rate and interest rate channels in the monetary transmission mechanism in Ukraine. The responses on the domes- tic as well as Russian economy shocks are estimated using the Vector Autoregression Model with block-exogeneity restriction. Monetary transmission did not prove to be strongly effective via neither of the estimated channels, although the exchange rate channel demonstrates the results which are more in line with the economic theory. In addition, the exchange rate channel shows the higher and more significant pass through. Further, we estimate the importance of the shocks of both home and for- eign economies for the domestic variables deviations using variance decomposition technique. The relevance of the Russian shocks in fluctuations of home variables is found out. The current estimation of the transmission mechanism is relevant due to the planned inflation targeting regime implementation in Ukraine which requires understanding of that processes in the economy. 1

O impacto de movimentos cambiais nos níveis de preços é de suma importância para a formulação de políticas econômicas. Nesse contexto, este trabalho tem como objetivo a utilização de uma nova metodologia para a estimação e cálculo do repasse para diferentes índices de preço no período de 2003-2017. Estudos anteriores nesse campo identificam ignoram as relações de longo-prazo presentes no sistema ou não utilizam as restrições dadas pela estrutura de cointegração do sistema. Assim a identificação dos choques estruturais é discutida a partir da premissa de separação entre choques permanentes e estruturais sendo que a mesma é fundamentada pela teoria com o auxílio de testes estatísticos. Além dessa estrutura não-recursiva, uma alternativa é apresentada a partir de estruturas recursivas de Cholesky de forma a tornar possível a comparação. Três distintas especificações são estimadas de maneira a gerar estimativas para o repasse aos preços de importação, no atacado e ao consumidor para o Brasil. Para a estrutura não recursiva os repasses para os preços de importação variam de 48 a 65% a depender da especificação sendo diferentes de completo no longo-prazo. Para os preços no atacado os repasses variam de 11 a 15% se mostrando em duas das três especificações estatisticamente diferentes de zero. Os repasses ao consumidor variam de 4 a 13% se mostrando estatisticamente diferente de zero em duas das três especificações. / The impact of exchange rate movements on price levels is of utmost importance for the formulation of economic policies. In this context, this paper aims to use a new methodology for the estimation and calculation of the pass-through for different price index in the period 2003-2017. Previous studies in this field identify ignore the long-term relationships present in the system or do not use the constraints given by the system cointegration structure. Thus, the identification of structural shocks is discussed from the premise of separation between permanent and structural shocks, and it is based on theory with the aid of statistical tests. In addition to this non-recursive structure, one is estimated from Cholesky\'s recursive structures in order to make the comparison possible. Three different specifications are estimated in order to generate estimates for the transfer of import, wholesale and consumer prices to Brazil. For the non-recursive structure, pass-through for import prices range from 48 to 65 % depending on the specification being different from complete in the long run. For producer prices, pass-through range from 11 to 15 % and in two of three specifications they are statistically different from zero. Pass-through to the consumer prices ranges from 4 to 13 % and it is statistically different from zero in two of the three specifications.