In this paper, my purpose is to test whether the government education policy and R&D expenditure policy can lead to development of patents or not. I use an idea-based growth model as the framework while treating patents as outputs to analyze patent development. I use the data of R&D intensity, patent and human capital of 30 countries in OECD from 1997 to 2006 based on panel data model to analyze their relationships. Research shows that R&D intensity and human capital produce some effects on patent development. Finally, I give some advice for government policy about improving patents.

The economy of Taiwan grows fast in the last few years. The traditional industry moves overseas because of the factors of the cost, environment issue...etc. Moreover, people want better quality of living that makes the technology and the high-technology industry of Taiwan improve fast. In the past, the tradition industry focuses on visible property, for example: land, factory buildings and machines. The high-technology industry emphasizes the property that is invisible called ¡§Intellectual Property Rights¡¨. It is included interary property rights, patent rights, trademark right, opening secrets, and IC. It not only supports the development of the high-technology and competition in marketing but also brings in a large amount of license fees. On the other hand, compare with other industries, the environment of the computer software industry is different from others¡¦ so that it has to face different problems. However, the copies of the computer software prevail nowadays. How to protect computer software has been an important issue. Therefore, the companies of the computer software industry have to increase their own competition ability and even stop their opponents to enter the markets. It is necessary to acquire the computer software patent. The way to acquire the patent of the software depends on the quality of the technique and knowing the patent law opinions of the patent examiners and how they examine the patent applications. There is a probe into the opinion of the patent examination system to software patent in this article and the way of gathering and analyzing real cases is used. In conclusion, computer software patent is¡¨ a technique of using computer software¡¨. It is an invention that fit the patent laws of our country and the rules of examination of patent. The techniques of computer software inventions combine the business models and the related techniques of computer software. Therefore, In this article, the related law rules of intellectual property rights, the allowed computer software patents and the related documents about computer software are standers for patent protection. Those are the basic reference materials that provide related industries ways of protection after computer software invented. Hopefully, the research can clear out the related problems that the computer software applicants might face.

The procedure for developing a new product, in general, is as follows. First, the design engineer must have a thorough understanding regarding the encountered problem. And, he must produce some design concepts based on the perceived requirements. Finally, some solutions are then achieved according to the prescribed design concepts. Unfortunately, few researchers have been able to explain, in a specific rather than abstract manner, the process of generating pertinent design concepts. However, this process has to be a very critical link in the chain. Without obtaining a good design concept the entire design procedure will fall, not to mention to find a suitable solution. In this research we use an interesting analogy between the design procedure and the well-familiarized Sun/Water-cycle system, to concretely describe the task of inspiration of innovative concepts particularly in engineering design. The use of this analogy, we believe, will guide engineers to more effectively and more efficiently go through the stages of conceptual design. Consequently, the entire product development time can be reduced.

<p>Numbers of persons with a higher education have inclined fast during the last dec-ades, as the University sector in Sweden has increased. This due to that the Swedish government has had a very encouraging attitude towards the Universities position for economic regional growth. The aim of this thesis is to see if there are any relationships between students at a University in a region and the number of patents that have been applied for in the same region using data taken from European patent of-fice and Statistics Sweden. Patent is one way to measure innovations, and knowledge is one of the core foundations for new innovations. Different models have been used to determine if any significant relationship between patent applications and number of people with higher education is present. The empirical findings came up with the results that numbers of people with higher education have positive relationship with University regions. The two variables, people with higher technical education and research and development at Universities also showed positive significant results, which gives support for the chosen theories in the thesis. It is hard to say that the decen-tralization of the Swedish universities have been a total success, because in the thesis results were found which shoed that the Malmö region was outstanding in terms of patent applications. In this region many different Universities and private R&D de-partments are located, together with students etc. Further research in this field has to be conducted to be able to give the policy maker better foundation for decisions.</p>

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a medical system with a unique medical philosophy that continues to guide the contemporary turning out of new pharmaceutical formulae. The clinically-proved effective components of these formulae are being extracted by means of modern technology. Natural Chinese medicines account for approximately 30% of the global sales volume of all medicines, and the international market-size of the TCM industry is increasing rapidly. The TCM industry depends on the patent protection of the results of its R&D no less than does any other industry. However, the patent examination guidelines of many important jurisdictions are hostile to the granting of patents to TCM products and processes. This is partly attributable to the vast differences between the philosophies of TCM and Western medicine, and to the imperfect understanding in many jurisdictions (particularly where Western Medicine is dominant) of the former. To this considerable degree, patent law fails to accommodate the TCM industry. Consequently, the TCM inventor will be left open to the depredations of the ‘free-rider’ phenomenon, the circumstance in which the inventor loses the benefits of his invention, and his investment in it, to a purloiner. The research examines the compatibilities between patent law and TCM, and argues that patent policy shall be adjusted to better accommodate the characteristics of TCM. Other forms of IPR protection are also discussed in comparison with patent with the purpose of illustrating the significance of patent in protecting TCM inventions. / published_or_final_version / Law / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

<p> This Dissertation investigates the relationship between patent quality and company performance for a sample from the US Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Industry. The methodology devised comprehensively examines patent worth (patent&rsquo;s references), patent protection (claims and family patents) and patent quality (references, claims and family patents) to determine their implications on firm leverage (SE, TA), profits (ROE, ROA), and market value (B/M, MCap). The selected sample comprises 1,536 companies, and 285,000 patents from 1999 to 2009. The results show that total revenue just responds to changes in R&D; intensity, and patenting intensity. A 10 percent increase in patent value results in a corresponding increase rate on the market capitalization index for the full sample and a 14 percent increase for the chemicals and allied products group (SIC 28). Increases (10%) in patent protection and quality present average increases of 15 percent on market capitalization for the full sample and 8 percent for the chemicals and allied products group (SIC 28). The medical devices group (SIC 38) results suggest that Mcap increases 10 percent by the same increase in patent value index. Patent protection and quality increases (10%) suggest an average 8 percent increase in Mcap. Results suggest that profits, leverage and market indices respond differently to 10 percent increases in patent value, patent protections and patent quality. The aforementioned effects suggest that the qualitative indexes follow company related market activities and business valuations for the chemical and allied products, and medical devices industrial sectors.</p>

This thesis begins by outlining the theoretical and empirical foundations of the economics of innovations. It then proceeds by analysing four econometric issues in the measurement of technological knowledge embedded in patented innovations and modelling the statistical relationship of the value of patented innovations originating in the G-5 countries overtime. This thesis contributes to the economics of innovation literature in four areas: (1) a comprehensive review of the proxies available to elicit the value embodied in patented inventions (2) a direct comparison of regression estimates based on citations count dependent variable versus citations-weighted dependent variable (3) an introduction and application of Regression Tree and Graphical Modelling methodologies to model patented inventions (4) estimation of the fluctuations and associations in the values of patented innovation in the G-5 countries using patent citations.

In 1994, the members of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) adopted the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (the "TRIPs Agreement") and thus committed themselves to respect certain standards for intellectual property protection. This thesis studies the scope of the standards for patent protection and their impact upon trade in medicines. The first part addresses the international dimension of the issue and explains how international trade in medicines can contribute to enhancing the level of global welfare. The first chapter argues that in order to fulfil this latter objective legislation relating to patents must be adapted to the economic and social situation of countries. The second chapter demonstrates that such adaptation is not only allowed, but is indeed encouraged by the provisions of the TRIPS Agreement. The second part of this thesis addresses the issue from a Canadian perspective, and discusses the way Canadian patent provisions applying to pharmaceuticals should be drafted so as to allow Canada to participate in---and to benefit from---international trade in medicines. Thus, I first analyse the factual, political, and legislative factors that influence the Canadian pharmaceutical industry. I then study the role of Canada as part of the integrated market for medicines, as well as the social, industrial and economic objectives underlying Canadian policies. I finally propose some modifications and adaptations to the Canadian Patent Act and suggest some orientations for future multilateral negotiations.

Doctor of Philosophy / Since the 1950s, economic growth has been one of the main topics of economic discipline. In this context, the sources of economic growth have been analysed by different economic theories. These theories can be decomposed into two groups, namely modern neoclassical theory and evolutionary economic theory. In the modern neoclassical economic theory, the technological progress is considered as the main determinant of the long-run economic growth. In this regard, the sources of economic growth differences among countries are analyzed by using various types of models. In the earliest studies, it is assumed that technological progress is exogenous (Solow-Swan model). Constant returns to scale and perfectly competitive market structure assumptions are the main characteristics of these studies. After the developments in the economic theory, technological progress has been taken into account in a different way by a new line of models, namely endogenous growth models. More specifically, technological progress is endogenously determined process in these models. Contrary to the previous models, increasing returns to scale, which stem from externality and the monopolistic market structure, play a significant role in endogenous growth models. We have reached to the conclusion that, although it suffers from some weaknesses, endogenous growth model proposes a more realistic explanation for the economic growth process. In the evolutionary economic theory, technological progress is also considered as the main determinant of economic growth. However, this theory deals with empirical issues by focusing on observed facts instead of constructing theoretical models, and provides both guidance and interpretation regarding technological progress. In this theory, variables and relationships that are considered have many practical implications. In that respect, its structure is very much realistic and it avoids certain logical gaps and inconsistencies. One of the aims of this thesis is to examine developments in economic theory by focusing on technological progress. For this purpose, we compare formal and evolutionary theories. Our theoretical review reveals that both the endogenous growth models in the tradition of modern neoclassical theory, and the important insights of the evolutionary economic theory help to analyze technological progress and/or economic growth. Furthermore, this thesis aims to measure technological progress. The measurement of technological progress is vital for the nations’ development strategies and the firms’ innovation policies. In this regard, we use patent statistics as a proxy of technological progress. The empirical parts of the thesis involve a number of applications of endogenous growth theory by taking into account the propositions of modern neoclassical economic theory. In this regard, the growth rate differences across countries are examined by using the frameworks of both the modern neoclassical and evolutionary theories. The results show that both theories have reasonable power to explain why growth rate differs across countries. In addition, we conclude that patenting activities rather than R&D activities more suitably represent innovative activities. Moreover, this thesis empirically tests the knowledge generation process in the framework of endogenous growth approach. We employ the knowledge production approach for this purpose. It is found that both domestic and international stocks of knowledge as measured by granted patent statistics, R&D activities, human capital and openness measures are significant factors in explaining productivity growth. Furthermore, product variety and quality improvement dimensions of technological progress are empirically analyzed by using patent statistics. It is found that both dimensions of technological progress significantly affect creation of new technologies. Finally, the findings indicate that technological capability of Turkey is far away from other developed countries covered by this study.

Univ., Diss.--Freiburg (Breisgau), 2007.