Collective bargaining was impacted by the confrontation at Marakina and the role players, employers and unions were left looking for new creative alternatives to reward operational employees (blue collar workers).Then, finding a well-designed pay system is crucial for the success of the organisation, since collective bargaining is under pressure. The following determinants, job based pay, performance based pay, skills based pay, education and training, and tenure based pay were constructed from literature to formulate the conceptual model for the pay of operators in the manufacturing sector of Port Elizabeth. There are a number of factors that are at play in the determination and design of pay systems, which need to be considered. Two major pay systems are at the centre of this study and they are those based on the worth of the job and those that are based on employees’ skills, productivity, education and training, and tenure. Pay equity is at the heart of employment relationship and is the reference point with regard to the distribution of resources when economic productivity and profitability are achieved. The findings presented indicated that all the determinants, job based pay, performance based pay, skills based pay and education and training, with the exception of tenure based pay, were significant to the pay of operational employees. However, the multivariable regression model found that job based pay is more significant and should be modelled as the foundation of the pay system for operational employees. Other pay determinants, such as performance and skills based pay are best modelled as additional increments that accelerate employees’ pay.

Rapid development of new technologies and their easy implementation introduces new risks that must be faced. This diploma thesis concentrates at payment card industry. Payment card industry come through significant development. Billions of dollar each year flow through these systems. New technologies like contactless cards, prepaid brand cards are emerging, ATM and payment terminal support new services and products. Merchant are looking for new opportunities. This situation brings along new threats and introduces new vulnerabilities. These are not necessarily new, only the whole environment got much more complicated and digger. Unfortunately the acting threats and vulnerabilities were not eliminated. Missing legislation measures and restricted enforceability are not sufficient to effectively fight against crime in this area. On the other hand sever organizations are aware of these threats and tries to face them. New security requirements were introduced for each separate subjects of payment card industry so that the risks are eliminated or their impact is reduced to an acceptable degree. Some of these requirements were already implemented and are in the scope of this work. The goal of this work is to explore these requirements. To find out what risks they are affecting and how effective they are. And in case of need help to implement the appropriate security measure. This work is practically oriented and can help responsible persons to ensure compliance with the requirements and face all effecting threats.

This diploma thesis is dedicated to the practical application of the bill of exchange and cheque law from 1950. In the introduction is mentioned the meaning and main functions of payment condition in sales cantract in general. Following chapters contens description of bill of exchange and cheque as payment instruments and especially their usage in the practice and explication of the law from the 1950.

This thesis deals with the most significant forms of electronic banking. It focuses on their safety and their present state. The payment cards and their usage in common shops and on the Internet are analyzed. The thesis very detailed highlights problems connected with automated teller machines and it designs instruction for their safe operation. The actual situation of micropayment systems is described in detail. The head representatives are compared in light of functionality, limitations and operating fees, which are related to customers and sellers. The thesis includes the survey of current accounts intended for students in the Czech Republic, their comparison and advices for choice of the acceptable bank products.

The diploma thesis deals with analysis of interbank payment systems in the Czech and in the Irish Republic. There are described basic types of payment systems that serve as background for analysis. Both observe countries are members of EU, so this work includes also brief characteristics of the law frame of EU and payment systems of EU. Farther there are characterized payment systems of both countries. In the Czech Republic operates just one interbank system of payment named CERTIS, while in Ireland operate three systems of payment. The first of them TARGET2-IE serves mainly for large value payments, while remaining two systems IRECC and IPCC serve for retail payments. Finally there is included comparison of payment systems by number of transactions and value of transactions.

The objective of my thesis is to describe overall technological concept and organizational scheme od payment cards and outline trends and development in the near future. There has been a big effort for industry standardization (e.g. security standards). It describes also advantages and disadvantages of payment cards and means of authorization. The infomation mentioned here will be used in later part, in case studies. My 3-years working experience as a project manager at Wincor Nixdorf helped to further investigate these scenarios. This company is one of the market leaders and key players in banking and retail industry. Since the cost related issues are very importnant (especially in the time of crisis), I analysed and compared several scenarios of payment system installation in retail.

This thesis deals with the analysis of interbank payment systems in the Czech Republic and the Netherlands. The paper describes the fundamental characteristics of payment systems, including their division by various aspects. The thesis contains an overview of legislation affecting the operation of payment systems in the European Union in both analyzed countries. Furthermore, an analysis of interbank payment systems in the Czech Republic and the Netherlandsis performed, while in the Netherlands, there are two systems, large-value system TARGET2-NL and retail system Equens, the Czech Republic has only CERTIS system that performs both large-value and retail transactions. In the last part of the thesis there is detailed analysis of statistical information on these payment systems for the period from 2005 to 2009.

The number of dividend paying firms has been on the decline since the popularity of stock repurchases in the 1980s, and the recent financial crisis has brought about a wave of dividend reductions and omissions. This dissertation examined the U.S. firms and American Depository Receipts that are listed on the U.S. equity exchanges according to their dividend paying history in the previous twelve quarters. While accounting for the state of the economy, the firm’s size, profitability, earned equity, and growth opportunities, it determines whether or not the firm will pay a dividend in the next quarter. It also examined the likelihood of a dividend change. Further, returns of firms were examined according to their dividend paying history and the state of the economy using the Fama-French three-factor model. Using forward, backward, and step-wise selection logistic regressions, the results show that firms with a history of regular and uninterrupted dividend payments are likely to continue to pay dividends, while firms that do not have a history of regular dividend payments are not likely to begin to pay dividends or continue to do so. The results of a set of generalized polytomous logistic regressions imply that dividend paying firms are more likely to reduce dividend payments during economic expansions, as opposed to recessions. Also the analysis of returns using the Fama-French three factor model reveals that dividend paying firms are earning significant abnormal positive returns. As a special case, a similar analysis of dividend payment and dividend change was applied to American Depository Receipts that trade on the NYSE, NASDAQ, and AMEX exchanges and are issued by the Bank of New York Mellon. Returns of American Depository Receipts were examined using the Fama-French two-factor model for international firms. The results of the generalized polytomous logistic regression analyses indicate that dividend paying status and economic conditions are also important for dividend level change of American Depository Receipts, and Fama-French two-factor regressions alone do not adequately explain returns for these securities.

Ce travail de recherche porte sur l’adoption de l’innovation et la lutte contre la fraude dans le paiement électronique du secteur bancaire tunisien, plus spécifiquement il vise l’exploration de la relation entre les composantes du marketing relationnel et les variables liées ; à l’individu, à la banque et au site marchand et leur impact sur l’intention d’utilisation des moyens de paiement électroniques dans les banques tunisiennes. L’objectif principal de ce travail étant la construction d’un modèle intégrateur qui illustre la relation entre le comportement du client et les facteurs influant l’adoption des moyens de paiement électroniques et la lutte contre la fraude. Sur le plan théorique, notre recherche a pour intérêt la contribution à l’amélioration des fondations sécuritaires pour les différents intervenants ainsi que le développement des moyens de paiement électronique. Sur le plan pratique l’intérêt de cette recherche est double, il s’agit de contribuer à la recherche sur les innovations dans le domaine d’e paiement d’une part et d’apprécier la relation entre les variables du MKG relationnel, l’adoption de l’innovation et la lutte contre la fraude monétique dans le domaine bancaire d’autre part. Notre stratégie de recherche adoptée suit une démarche quantitative selon un mode de raisonnement hypothético-déductif. La démarche est effectuée en trois itérations de terrain : une première à visée exploratoire, une deuxième confirmatoire et enfin une troisième dite complémentaire. Notre analyse des différentes itérations montre que l’engagement a un impact significatif sur l’intention d’utilisation des moyens de paiement et ce à l’image des recherches et des études antérieures. Ainsi, la perception de la qualité de service électronique (netqual) et la confiance ont un impact significatif sur l’engagement du consommateur à l’égard de l’utilisation des moyens électroniques en ligne. En renouvelant la lecture autour du concept de marketing relationnel par la mise en exergue du rôle de la satisfaction, la confiance et l’engagement comme variables clés dans la qualité de la relation, les principales contributions de cette recherche se présentent donc dans la proposition d’un modèle intégrateur combinant des variables qui autrefois ont fait l’objet des études séparées. / This research work explores innovative methods to fight fraudulent activity in electronic payment in the Tunisian banking sector, more specifically it aims to investigate the interrelation between the strategy of relationship marketing and the various involved parties: the individual, the bank and the merchant and their impact on the intention of employing electronic means of payment in Tunisian banks. The main objective of this work is to construct an integrative model, which illustrates the relationship between the customer's behavior and the factors, which lead to the adoption of electronic payment methods and fight against fraud. On the theoretical level, our research hopes to contribute to the improvement of the security foundations for the various stakeholders as well as the development of electronic payment methods. On the practical level, the aim of this study is twofold: (1) it contributes to the research on the innovations in the field of e-Payment (2) It values the link between the variables of the relational MKG, the adoption of innovative method and the fight against electronic fraudulent activities in the banking sector. Our adopted research strategy follows a quantitative approach based on the hypo-deductive reasoning method. The approach is carried out in three stages: an exploration stage, a confirmation stage and finally a complementary stage. Our analysis of the different stages demonstrates that commitment has a significant impact on the intention to employ the means of payment, as it has been already suggested by previous research studies. The research, however, suggests an integrative model which combines variables that have previously studied separately. Thus, the perception of the quality of electronic service (Netqual) and trust have a significant impact on the consumer's commitment to the use of electronic means online. Hence, a successful revamping of the strategy of relationship marketing should underscore the role of satisfaction, trust, and commitment as key variables in the quality of interactions.

This paper examines the effects of dividend announcements and dividend payments on OMX30 stock prices and tests if these effects indicate market efficiency. An event study methodology is used to find if the dividend events have a significant impact on stock prices. The study finds that both dividend announcements and dividend payments have a significant negative effect on prices. Disappointed investors or lowered expectations for future dividends may be the cause of the announcement effect. The results indicate that the stock market is semi-strong efficient for the announcements but inefficient when it comes to the payments.