Peanut skin, a low-value agriculture waste product, has drawn lots of research interest in recent years, due to its high content of A-type proanthocyanidins. A-type proanthocyanidins have been believed to contribute to cranberries' anti-UTI (urinary tract infection) effect. In this study, we compared the A-type proanthocyanidins in cranberry and peanut skin crude extracts using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Many similarities were found in the proanthocyanidin composition of cranberries and peanut skins. New oligomeric and polymeric proanthocyanidins in peanut skins, including heteroproanthocyanidins and proanthocyanidins with sugar moieties or galloyl esters, were tentatively identified. Solid phase extraction (SPE) and HPLC fractionation largely improved MALDI-TOF's ability to detect proanthocyanidins with high degrees of polymerization (DP). By analyzing the identified compounds in each fraction, we were also able to find some interesting elution pattern of the proanthocyanidins on the SPE cartridges and on the HPLC column. For example, the elution order on both the SPE cartridges and the diol phase column generally followed the DP. A-type proanthocyanidins tended to elute earlier than the B-type. Prodelphinidins retained much longer than other proanthocyanidins with the same DP. These findings may help researcher to identify future research directions and develop new separation methods to facilitate the identification of bioactive components in proanthocyanidin-rich plant extracts. / Ph. D.

Peanut skins are a low-value byproduct of peanut blanching operations. They have been shown to contain significant levels of phenolic compounds with demonstrated antioxidant properties. The effects of two types of extraction methods: solid-liquid extraction (SLE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) on the recovery of phenolic compounds from peanut skins were investigated. Response surface methodology was used to optimize extraction conditions based on total phenolic content (TPC), ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) activity and <i>trans</i>-resveratrol content. The protective effect of peanut skin extracts (PSE) against hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced oxidative stress in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) and the effect of PSE on lipid oxidation in commercial peanut butter were also evaluated. In the SLE method, EtOH was found to be the most efficient extraction solvent followed by MeOH, water and EA. Despite EtOH extracts having a higher TPC, samples extracted with MeOH demonstrated slightly higher ORAC activity. Resveratrol was identified in MeOH extracts but was not found in EtOH, water or EA extracts. In the MAE procedure, the maximum predicted TPC under the optimized conditions was 144 mg phenols/g skins compared to 118 mg/g with SLE. The maximum predicted ORAC activity was 2789 μmol TE/g as opposed to 2149 μmol TE/g with the SLE method. MAE was able to extract more phenolic compounds (with higher antioxidant activity) in a faster time than the SLE procedure. In addition, resveratrol was identified in PSE derived from MAE although at relatively low levels. PSE were found to have some protective effects against oxidative stress in HBMEC. Higher doses of PSE appeared to have a slightly cytotoxic effect. However, the data were highly variable which made it difficult to arrive at any definitive conclusions regarding the potential benefits of PSE in preventing oxidative damage to cells. In the PB experiment, hexanal levels over the storage period were not high enough for the samples to be considered oxidized. However, hexanal values of PB samples treated with PSE were lower than the control throughout storage, which suggests that PSE may provide some protection against oxidation of PB. / Ph. D.