Der Text beschreibt die Idee hinter dem PHP Extension and Application Repository (PEAR), und die Wartung und Nutzung von PEAR.

Natural products and health foods have recently received a lot of attention both by health professionals and the common population for improving overall well-being, as well as in the prevention of diseases including cancer. In this line, all types of fruits and vegetables have been reevaluated and recognized as valuable sources of nutraceuticals. The great number of potentially active nutrients and their multifunctional properties make cactus pear (Opuntia spp.) fruits and cladodes perfect candidates for the production of health-promoting food and food supplements. Although traditionally appreciated for its pharmacological properties by the Native Americans, cactus pear is still hardly recognized because of insufficient scientific information. However, recent studies on Opuntia spp. have demonstrated cactus pear fruit and vegetative cladodes to be excellent candidates for the development of healthy food. Therefore, this review summarizes current knowledge on the chemical composition of Opuntia cacti with particular emphasis in its use as food and medicine.

Master of Science

Fire blight, caused by Erwinia amylovora, is a serious disease, which attacks plants within the family of Rosaceae. This bacterial disease causes major problems in the cultivation of pears (Pyrus communis) around the world. The occurrence of the disease is still geographically limited to certain areas in Sweden and neighbouring countries. However, increasing temperatures due to climate change and the relative unawareness of the public, augment the risk of its spread. Within the EU, there are no approved antibiotics for use in pear orchards. Within the species of P. communis, cultivars vary in their susceptibility to fire blight. Many scientists believe that new, resistant cultivars and rootstocks are important tools to enable pome fruit cultivation in the future.In this study,the susceptibility of some Swedish pear heirloom cultivars to E. amylovora was investigated by using immature pear fruit. The bacteria were introduced into immature pear fruit by using defined concentrations of inoculum. The fruit were incubated at 25°C, and disease severity was recorded over time. Disease was measured and recorded as the extent of lateral lesion size on the surfaces of the pear fruit. No definite differences in disease development were recorded across the concentrations tested. The cultivars were compared to one another, and ranked according to susceptibility. The most susceptible to the least susceptible were: `Sollerö´ > `Unknown Gävle´ = `Esperens herre´ = `Aspa´ > `Höstbergamott´ > `Göteborgs Diamant´ > `Conference´ = `Lilla dalpilen´ = `Carola´ > `Alexander Lukas´ = `Blodpäron´ = `Bonne Louise´. The results could have become clearer if immature fruit of younger physiological age had been used. Nevertheless, the ranking of some cultivars agrees with the published results of others.

Résumé : Pour se propager dans les cellules de son hôte et évader les réponses immunitaires, les virus végétaux ont développé plusieurs stratégies de défense. Ici, nous avons investigué les structures génétiques du Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV). Nous avons aussi étudié la diversité moléculaire des isolats d’ASPV provenant des poires en regardant les séquences des gènes CP et TGB afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes évolutionnaires utilisés par ASPV. Nos études ont démontré que les mutations, incluant les insertions et les délétions, la sélection purificatrice et la recombinaison furent des facteurs importants dans l’évolution du l’ASPV en Chine et possiblement mondialement. Comme tous les virus végétaux, l’ASPV se défend contre le RNA silencing de l’hôte grâce à un suppresseur de RNA silencing (VSR) et nous avons montré que le VSR de l’ASPV est la protéine de capside (CP) du virus. Nous avons aussi établi que la diversité moléculaire cause non seulement une variété de symptômes chez son hôte, Nicotiana occidentalis. Cependant elle cause aussi de la variabilité antigénique chez différents isolats, ce qui mène à des écarts de réactivité sérologique entre isolats. Les plantes ont développé plusieurs stratégies pour se défendre contre les virus. Ici, nous avons étudié comment la plante Arabidopsis se défend contre le Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) via le RNA silencing. Nous avons constaté que les phénomènes de susceptibilité, récupération et virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) sont des mécanismes séparables. Nous avons démontré que les protéines AGO2 et AGO4 sont nécessaires à la susceptibilité initiale au TRV, tandis qu’AGO1 est importante pour les VIGS, tandis que la récupération est médiée par d’autres acteurs qui n’ont pas encore été identifiés. Nos résultats suggèrent l’existence de complexes distincts ciblant différentes populations d’ARN viral et cellulaire. De plus, nous avons montré que la répression de la traduction est un mécanisme important durant la récupération de la plante suite à une infection virale, et que les complexes de décoiffage et de RNA processing jouent des rôles importants dans la dégradation des ARNs viraux. Finalement, nous avons montré que les plantes ayant une mutation dans le gène DCP2 présentent un niveaux de VIGS accrue, ainsi qu’une augmentation des niveaux d’ARN viral. Puisque DCP2 fait partie des complexes de décoiffage qui se trouvent dans des granules spécialisés nommés processing bodies (PBs), cela suggère que les PBs jouent un rôle important dans l’élimination les virus. / Abstract : To live in host cells or to escape from host immunity, plant viruses involved a series of defense strategies. Here we investigated Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV) population structures and molecular diversity of ASPV pear isolates based on its function important gene CP and TGB in China, so as to infer the evolution mechanisms of ASPV. Our study showed that mutations (including insertions or deletions), purifying selection, and recombination were important factors driving ASPV evolutions in China or maybe even in the world. And also ASPV defends against it hosts by encoding a VSR. We also showed that ASPV molecular diversity not only induced different biological properties on its herbaceous host N. occidentails but also resulted in antigenic variation of different ASPV CP isolates, which leaded to differences in serological reactivity among rCPs of different ASPV isolates. Plants have developed a series of mechanisms to defend themselves against viruses. Here we how Arabidopsis defend against. We show that virus susceptibility, recovery, and virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) appear to be separable phenomena, with AGO2 and AGO4 playing important roles in the initial susceptibility to TRV, AGO1 playing an important role in VIGS, and as yet unidentifid players mediating recovery. These results suggest the existence of distinct RNA-induced silencing complexes that target different RNA populations within the cell and over time. Furthermore, we showed that translational repression of viral RNA is likely to play an important role in virus recovery and that decapping function plays an important role in clearing viral RNA from the cell. We also showed that a decapping mutant (DCP2) displayed an increased VIGS and virus RNA accumulation, an important role for PBs in eliminating viral RNA.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-03-23T16:26:56Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese Ana Paula Fernandes de Lima.pdf: 1641615 bytes, checksum: adad66a2520713dbcbe7c1f4974bebbe (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-03-28T20:15:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese Ana Paula Fernandes de Lima.pdf: 1641615 bytes, checksum: adad66a2520713dbcbe7c1f4974bebbe (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-28T20:15:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese Ana Paula Fernandes de Lima.pdf: 1641615 bytes, checksum: adad66a2520713dbcbe7c1f4974bebbe (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / A baixa formação de gemas floríferas é um dos principais entraves para a pesquisa e extensão no cultivo de peras no Brasil, pois desestimula o aumento de área de cultivo e o interesse dos agricultores. O uso de fitorreguladores é uma nova opção para a indução da floração e transformação histológica das gemas mistas, entre eles estão: Ácido 1-Naftalenoacético (ANA), Etefon (Ácido 2-Cloroetilfofônico) e 6- Benziladenina. Com este trabalho teve-se por objetivo avaliar as aplicação do ANA, Etefon e 6-Benziladenina no retorno da floração e características agronômicas de pereiras europeias (Pyrus communis). Os fitorreguladores foram pulverizados nas cultivares, ‘Rocha’ e ‘Packham’s Triumph’ aos 30 dias após a plena floração, uma vez por semana durante cinco semanas consecutivas nas seguintes concentrações: ANA (5, 10, 20, 30, 50, 100, 200, 300 mg L- 1 do ingrediente ativo), Etefon (100, 200, 300 e 400 mg L-1 do ingrediente ativo) e 6-Benziladenina (100, 200, 300 e 400 ml L-1 do ingrediente ativo), além do tratamento controle (plantas que não receberam aplicações). Utilizou-se plantas de um pomar comercial no município de Ipê, localizado na Serra Gaúcha, RS, Brasil, para os três experimentos descritos a seguir: Experimento 1: Características reprodutivas e produtivas de plantas e qualidade fisico-químicas de frutos de pereira europeia ‘Packham’s Triumph’; Experimento 2: Qualidade de gemas, germinação e estimativa do número de grãos pólen e anteras em flores de pereira e o Experimento 3: Fitorreguladores sobre as características vegetativas de plantas de pereira. Os resultados dos experimentos foram: experimento 1 - os fitorreguladores promoveram maiores quantidades de sólidos solúveis nos frutos, com exceção do ANA, concentração de 200 mg L-1 apenas no primeiro ciclo de desenvolvimento; o número de inflorecências por ramo do ano foi menor em plantas tratadas com 6-Benziladenina, concentração de 300 ml L-1 e a frutificação efetiva foi maior nas plantas que receberam ANA, concentração de 300 mg L-1 e 6-Benziladenina, 200 ml L-1 e não observou-se benefícios no retorno da floração com o uso dos fitorreguladores. Experimento 2: para qualidade de gemas, com relação ao comprimento das gemas axilares as concentrações de Etefon proporcionaram maiores médias, assim como para gemas terminais de brindilas. O diâmetro das gemas axilares e terminais foi aproximado para o Etefon e 6-Benziladenina. A aplicação de ANA e Etefon promovem o aumento do número de escamas de gemas terminais de brindilas. E a germinação dos grãos de pólen associada a aplicações de ANA foi maior quando colocadas para germinar no ano de 2016. Experimento 3: a área foliar da cultivar de pereira, ‘Packham’s Triumph’ foi menor quanto maior a concentração de Etefon. A concentração mais eficiente para o controle do crescimento do ramo do ano foi de 162,66 ml L-1 de Etefon. Observou-se pouca melhora no número de gemas nos ramos com a aplicação de Etefon. Portanto, conclui-se que, há potencial no uso dos fitorreguladores para a indução da floração e capacidade de promover a melhora das características agronômicas de pereiras europeias, sendo necessária a verificação das condições climáticas de cada ano e do conteúdo interno de hormônio nas plantas. / Low formation of flowering buds is one of the main obstacles to research and extension in pear cultivation in Brazil, as it discourages the increase in cultivation area and the interests of farmers. The use of growth regulators is a new option for the induction of flowering and histologic transformation of mixed buds among them are: 1-Naphthaleneacetic Acid, Ethephon and 6-Benzyladenine. This work was up to evaluate the application of 1-Naphthaleneacetic Acid, Ethephon and 6- Benzyladenine in the return of flowering and agronomic characteristics of European pear trees (Pyrus communis). The plant growth regulators were sprayed on crops, ‘Rocha’ and ‘Packham's Triumph’ at 30 days after full bloom once a week for five consecutive weeks at following concentrations: 1-Naphthaleneacetic Acid (5, 10, 20, 30, 50, 100, 200, 300 mg L-1 active ingredient), Ethephon (100, 200, 300 and 400 mg L-1 active ingredient) and 6-benzyladenine (100, 200, 300 and 400 ml L-1 active ingredient), and the control treatment (plants that did not receive applications). Used plants from a commercial orchard in Ipe, located in Serra Gaucha, RS, Brazil, for the three following described experiments: Experiment 1: Reproductive and productive characteristics of plants and physico-chemical quality of European pear fruit 'Packham's Triumph; Experiment 2: Quality gems, germination and estimating the number of pollen grains and anthers in pear flowers and Experiment 3: Growth regulators on the vegetative characteristics of pear plants. The results of the experiments were: Experiment 1 - the growth regulators promoted greater amounts of soluble solids in the fruit, with the exception of 1-Naphthaleneacetic Acid, concentration of 200 mg L-1 only in the first development cycle; the number of cluster was lower in plants treated with 6-Benzyladenine, concentration of 300 ml L-1 and fruit set was greater in the plants treated with 1-Naphthaleneacetic Acid, 300 mg L-1 and 6 Benzyladenine, 200 ml L-1 and no benefit was observed on return flowering with the use of growth regulators. Experiment 2: for quality gems, with respect to the length of the axillary buds Ethephon concentrations provided greater means as well as terminal buds. The diameter of the axillary and terminal buds was approached for Ethephon and 6-benzyladenine. The use of 1-Naphthaleneacetic Acid and Ethephon promotes increased number of scales terminal buds. And the germination of pollen grains associated with the 1-Naphthaleneacetic Acid applications was higher when germinated in the year 2016. Experiment 3: leaf area cultivar of pear, 'Packham's Triumph' was less the higher the concentration of Ethephon. The most effective concentration to control the year branch growth was 162,66 ml L-1 , Ethephon. There was little improvement in the number of buds on the branches with the application of Ethephon. Therefore, it is concluded that there is potential in the use of plant growth regulators to induce flowering and ability to promote the improvement of agronomic characteristics of European pear trees, requiring the verification of the climatic conditions of each year and the internal content of hormone in plants.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:24:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcia Regina Siqueira Konopatzki .pdf: 620578 bytes, checksum: 20ae9d64264d71847a884412570fa23f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In the last few years, the precision agriculture has turned itself to other crops besides cereals, which are already well-known studied. Among them, there is the precision horticulture. Pear is from mild weather and it is very appreciate by brazilian people, although its greatest consumed percentile is imported. Thus, this trial aimed at mapping spatial variability of chemical attributes from soil (P, K, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, pH, C and base saturation), of the plant (fruit length and diameter) as well as the pear trees yield in a commercial pear plants area. The experimental field had 146 pear plants, var. Pêra d água , distributed on a 1.24 ha area. Four harvest procedures were performed according to fruit maturation. In each harvest, the weight of all mature fruits per plant was computed, while the total yield was obtained by the sum of each crop. Hence, the soil attributes analyzed were: P, K, Ca, Mg, pH, CaCl2, C, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn and base saturation, while the plants attributes were: length, diameter and yield. The pear yield had low correlation with soil attributes. Levels of spatial dependence were found to be very low (fruit length), low (P, fruit diameter), medium (Mg, pH, Cu, Zn, Fe), high (Ca, K, bases saturation and yield), and very high (Mn and C), according to the spatial variability index (SVI, %), as it is proposed in this study. / Nos últimos anos, as pesquisas em agricultura de precisão têm focado outras culturas, além dos cereais comumente pesquisados. Dentre elas está a fruticultura de precisão. A pêra é uma das frutas de clima temperado mais preferidas pelos brasileiros, contudo a maior parte consumida é importada. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi mapear a variabilidade espacial dos atributos químicos do solo (P, K, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, pH, C e saturação por bases), da planta (comprimento e diâmetro do fruto) e da produtividade de pereiras em uma área comercial produtora de pêras. A área experimental contou com 146 pereiras, da variedade Pêra D água, distribuídas em uma área de 1,24 ha. Foram realizadas quatro colheitas, em função da maturação dos frutos. Em cada colheita, foi realizada a pesagem de todos os frutos obtidos e a produtividade total foi obtida pela soma das colheitas individuais. Os atributos do solo analisados foram: P, K, Ca, Mg, pHCaCl2, C, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn e saturação de bases, e os das plantas foram: comprimento, diâmetro e produtividade. A produtividade das pereiras apresentou baixa correlação com os atributos analisados. Foram encontrados níveis muito baixos de dependência espacial (comprimento do fruto), baixo (P, diâmetro do fruto), médio (Mg, pH, Cu, Zn, Fe), alto (Ca, K, saturação de bases e produtividade) e muito alto (Mn e C), segundo o índice de variabilidade espacial (IVE, %), proposto neste trabalho.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:47:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcia Regina Siqueira Konopatzki .pdf: 620578 bytes, checksum: 20ae9d64264d71847a884412570fa23f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In the last few years, the precision agriculture has turned itself to other crops besides cereals, which are already well-known studied. Among them, there is the precision horticulture. Pear is from mild weather and it is very appreciate by brazilian people, although its greatest consumed percentile is imported. Thus, this trial aimed at mapping spatial variability of chemical attributes from soil (P, K, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, pH, C and base saturation), of the plant (fruit length and diameter) as well as the pear trees yield in a commercial pear plants area. The experimental field had 146 pear plants, var. Pêra d água , distributed on a 1.24 ha area. Four harvest procedures were performed according to fruit maturation. In each harvest, the weight of all mature fruits per plant was computed, while the total yield was obtained by the sum of each crop. Hence, the soil attributes analyzed were: P, K, Ca, Mg, pH, CaCl2, C, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn and base saturation, while the plants attributes were: length, diameter and yield. The pear yield had low correlation with soil attributes. Levels of spatial dependence were found to be very low (fruit length), low (P, fruit diameter), medium (Mg, pH, Cu, Zn, Fe), high (Ca, K, bases saturation and yield), and very high (Mn and C), according to the spatial variability index (SVI, %), as it is proposed in this study. / Nos últimos anos, as pesquisas em agricultura de precisão têm focado outras culturas, além dos cereais comumente pesquisados. Dentre elas está a fruticultura de precisão. A pêra é uma das frutas de clima temperado mais preferidas pelos brasileiros, contudo a maior parte consumida é importada. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi mapear a variabilidade espacial dos atributos químicos do solo (P, K, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, pH, C e saturação por bases), da planta (comprimento e diâmetro do fruto) e da produtividade de pereiras em uma área comercial produtora de pêras. A área experimental contou com 146 pereiras, da variedade Pêra D água, distribuídas em uma área de 1,24 ha. Foram realizadas quatro colheitas, em função da maturação dos frutos. Em cada colheita, foi realizada a pesagem de todos os frutos obtidos e a produtividade total foi obtida pela soma das colheitas individuais. Os atributos do solo analisados foram: P, K, Ca, Mg, pHCaCl2, C, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn e saturação de bases, e os das plantas foram: comprimento, diâmetro e produtividade. A produtividade das pereiras apresentou baixa correlação com os atributos analisados. Foram encontrados níveis muito baixos de dependência espacial (comprimento do fruto), baixo (P, diâmetro do fruto), médio (Mg, pH, Cu, Zn, Fe), alto (Ca, K, saturação de bases e produtividade) e muito alto (Mn e C), segundo o índice de variabilidade espacial (IVE, %), proposto neste trabalho.

Competitive exclusion has been the mechanism hypothesized to account for the biological control of fire blight disease of pear and apple by the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens A506 (A506). Recent laboratory assays demonstrated, however, that A506 produces an antibiotic that is toxic to the fire blight pathogen, Erwinia amylovora, when cultured on media amended with iron (Fe����� or Fe�����). This study investigated this iron-dependent antibiosis by A506 by: 1) examining bioavailability of iron to A506 on blossom surfaces, 2) mutagenizing A506 to disrupt genes involved in antibiotic production, and 3) evaluating suppression of fire blight by A506 when co-treated with an iron chelate (FeEDDHA). Bioavailability of iron on blossoms was investigated with an iron biosensor [iron-regulated promoter (pvd) fused to an ice nucleation reporter gene (inaZ)] in A506. A506 (pvd-inaZ) expressed high ice nucleation activity (INA) on blossoms indicating a low-iron environment unlikely to induce antibiosis by A506. Spraying blossoms with FeEDDHA at concentrations ���0.1 mM significantly suppressed INA by A506 (pvd-inaZ). Transposon mutagenesis was used to generate and select mutants of A506 exhibiting altered antibiotic production profiles. One antibiotic-deficient mutant, A506 Ant���, was recovered; this mutant showed reduced epiphytic fitness on blossoms of apple and pear trees compared to the parent stain, A506. Another mutant, A506 Ant���, lost the characteristic fluorescent phenotype and exhibited iron-independent antibiotic production in defined culture media. A506 Ant��� established high populations on blossoms of apple and pear trees, similar to populations attained by A506, and reduced incidence of fire blight between 20 to 40%, levels comparable to A506 in orchard trials. In orchard trials, A506 was co-treated with FeEDDHA and fire blight suppression was evaluated. Bacterial strains established high populations on blossoms when co-treated with 0.1 mM FeEDDHA or in water. Significantly enhanced suppression of fire blight incidence by antibiotic producing strains of A506 amended with 0.1 mM FeEDDHA was observed in 2 of 5 trials, providing some evidence that iron-induced antibiosis can be a contributing mechanism in disease control. Lack of disease control by the antibiotic deficient strain, A506 GacS, and by 0.1 mM FeEDDHA alone added support to this hypothesis. / Graduation date: 2004

The biology and behavior of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), was studied to determine factors responsible for differences in susceptibility to moth damage among apple and pear cultivars. In release experiments, codling moth adults were intercepted in significantly greater numbers in host (apple, pear) than in non-host (maple) trees, suggesting a directed response rather than random movement to host trees. There was no correlation between adult preference for certain hosts and the susceptibility of the hosts to codling moth attack. Adults were guided by cues from the tree canopy, foliage and fruit. Cues from host fruit were less important at the beginning of the season. Similar adult behavior patterns were observed in different coding moth strains. However, moths reared on apples were guided more by olfactory cues from fruit than sterilized moths reared on artificial diet. The percentage of moths mating under caged conditions was higher in apple and pear than in maple trees. In host plants, stimuli from fruit were not essential for mating. The egg distribution in the field varied through the season depending on the host cultivar. However, mean distance of eggs to fruit, as well as larval travel speed, was not different among host cultivars. Selection of an oviposition site by the adult female was affected by several factors, including visual, chemical, and tactile stimuli of host fruit, as well as anatomical (pubescence) and chemical (oviposition stimulants) properties of leaves. There were no differences in natural mortality and developmental rates of the egg stage on host cultivars. However, there were significant differences in first instar larval mortality among hosts over most of the season. Mortality was much higher on 'Anjou' than on 'Bartlett' and 'Red Delicious', except at the end of the season. Differential first instar mortality was due to the different rate of success in entering the fruit. The ability to penetrate fruit was correlated with infestation levels observed in the field and related both to neonate behavior and anatomical characteristics of host fruits. Larval food source did not affect larval and pupal development rates, adult fecundity, or egg viability. / Graduation date: 2001