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Análise e valoração da disponibilidade de bens e serviços ecossistêmicos em uma microbacia hidrográfica predominantemente urbanizada, Paraíba, Brasil. / Analysis and valuation of the ecosystem goods and services availability in a predominantly urbanised microwatershed, Paraíba, Brazil.FERREIRA, Lucianna Marques Rocha. 24 September 2018 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2018-07-27 / A urbanização tem sido uma das principais causas de mudança do uso e ocupação da terra em todo o mundo, muitas vezes com consequências irreparáveis para a prestação de bens e serviços ecossistêmicos fundamentais para o bem-estar físico, metal e espiritual humano, bem como para a manutenção da vida no planeta. Esta pesquisa analisa a mudança da disponibilidade de bens e serviços ecossistêmicos em função do uso e ocupação da terra, no período de 1989, 2007 e 2014; e a valoração social de benefícios prestados por uma microbacia hidrográfica predominantemente urbanizada, inserida no ecótono Agreste (área de transição entre os biomas Mata Atlântica e Caatinga), no Nordeste do Brasil. Técnicas de sensoriamento remoto e sistema de informação geográfica foram utilizadas para quantificar as mudanças no uso e ocupação da terra na Microbacia Hidrográfica Riacho das Piabas, Paraíba. Método de transferência de benefícios foi aplicado para quantificar as mudanças na oferta de bens e serviços ecossistêmicos, entre os anos analisados. A percepção das partes interessadas (comunidade, técnico e especialista) acerca dos ambientes que ofertam bens e serviços ecossistêmicos na área de estudo e seus respectivos níveis de importância foram obtidos por meio de mapeamento participativo. A substituição de área de vegetação arbórea (46% da área de estudo em 1989 e 5% em 2014) por ambiente construído foi o fator-chave que impulsionou o declínio de 73% da disponibilidade de bens e serviços ecossistêmicos entre os anos de 1989 e 2014. A expansão urbana promoveu a perda de 89% da oferta de oito serviços ecossistêmicos, incluindo regulação do clima, regulação do fluxo de água, moderação de perturbações, ciclagem de nutrientes e controle biológico, que quando se considera a tendência regional de aridificação e as pressões existentes sobre os recursos hídricos, são relevantes localmente. Houve diferença significativa entre a percepção das partes interessadas quanto ao número de áreas mapeadas por seção de bens e serviços ecossistêmicos disponibilizados pela área de estudo para a população (Anova fatorial, F= 21,62; p< 0,001). A visão da comunidade sobre os benefícios oferecidos pela microbacia hidrográfica estudada distinguiu de técnicos e de especialistas. Os ambientes que mais ofertaram bens e serviços ecossistêmicos foram as áreas de transição entre ambiente dulcícola e terrestre; e espaços verdes. O serviço de manutenção do ciclo hidrológico e fluxos de águas apresentou média de nível de importância social muito alto. A gestão que deseja reduzir os impactos do processo de urbanização na provisão de bens e serviços ecossistêmicos deve considerar implementação do planejamento espacial baseado em ecossistemas, com foco na infraestrutura urbana verde e na restauração de habitats naturais e sua conectividade. Ademais, é fundamental abordar a percepção de partes interessadas no processo de planejamento e tomada de decisão para minimizar e gerenciar potenciais conflitos sociais. / Urbanisation has been a main cause of land use land cover (LULC) change worldwide, often with irreparable consequences to the provision of goods and ecosystem services that are fundamental to human physical, mental and spiritual well-being, as well as to the maintenance of life on the planet. This research analyzes the goods and ecosystem services availability change as a function of LULC, in the period of 1989, 2007 and 2014; and the social valuation of ecosystem benefits provided by a predominantly urbanised microwatershed, located in the Agreste ecotone (transition area between Atlantic Forest and Caatinga biomes), in Northeast Brazil. Remote sensing techniques and geographic information system were used to quantify LULC changes in Riacho das Piabas microwatershed, Paraíba. The benefit transfer method was applied to quantify changes in the ecosystem goods and services supply between the years analyzed. The stakeholders perception (community, technical and expert) about the environments that offer ecosystem goods and services in the study area and their respective importance levels were obtained through participatory mapping. Replacement of tree vegetation area (46% of the study area in 1989 and 5% in 2014) by the built environment was the key factor driving the 73% decline in the ecosystem goods and services availability between 1989 and 2014. Urban sprawl resulted losses of 89% in the eight ecosystem services supply, including climate regulation, water flow regulation, moderation of disturbance, nutrient cycling and biological control, which are critical locally when considering the regional trend towards aridification and the existing pressures on water resources. There was a significant difference between the stakeholders perception about the mapped areas number per ecosystem goods and services section available by the study area to the population (Factorial Anova, F = 21.62, p <0.001). The community perception about the benefits offered by the studied microwatershed distinguished from technicians and experts. The environments that most offered ecosystem goods and services were transitional areas between the between freshwater and terrestrial environments; and green spaces. The service maintenance of hydrological cycle and water flux presented very high average importance level. Management that wishes to reduce the urbanisation impacts on the provision of ecosystem goods and services should consider implementation of ecosystem-based spatial planning, focusing on urban green infrastructure and natural habitats restoration and their connectivity. In addition, it is fundamental to approach the stakeholders perception in the planning process and decision making to minimize and manage potential social conflicts.
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Impression management strategies: the effects of attribution and presentantion orderMoreira, Rafael de Lacerda 30 May 2018 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2018-05-30 / Purpose - This research analyzes how corporate narrative disclosure can be manipulated by preparers of accounting information to create a favorable impression of the company through an examination of two different impression-management (IM) strategies: (i) attribution, and (ii) ordering or physical location of information. Design/Methodology - We conducted a 4×2 mixed-design experiment to examine the impact of attribution and optimal direction of information order on earnings forecast and the impression created about the company. Findings - Results show that the favorable report read first, without attribution, positively affects the investor, and that the favorable information read first, with attribution, undermines the positive effect. Conversely, presenting unfavorable information, with attribution, first, minimizes the impact of this information. Our findings confirm self-promoter’s paradox idea. We also tested a sandwich and an interspersed ordering (control) group; these had the worst results. In a mediation analysis, we found that perceived impression about the company mediates the relationship between information and decision-making. In addition, our results show a significant difference in decision-making influenced by users’ characteristics. In a robustness test, we tested credibility of information as an alternative explanation, finding that credibility was not an alternative explanation for investors’ decision found in the experiment. We conclude by offering suggestions for further study of IM. Originality – To our knowledge, this is the first study that analyses the effects of both attribution and ordering strategies at the same time. Literature has addressed both strategies separately but has not discussed their interactive effect. This research addresses this gap.
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