Bien avant de pouvoir saisir le monde en couleurs, les photographes se sont, pendant un certain temps, employés à le capturer, dans sa réalité formelle et lumineuse en Noir & Blanc. Néanmoins, depuis les balbutiements de la photographie dans les années 1820, et au vu de ses avancées depuis, certains professionnels ou amateurs n’ont pas pour autant cessé d’utiliser le Noir & Blanc. Aujourd’hui encore, à l’ère du souffle numérique qui boit la couleur du monde sans modération, beaucoup de praticiens continuent à présenter des photographies monochromes. Ainsi, alors que la tendance est effectivement au réalisme de la couleur et que les moyens technologiques ne proposent plus que cela, pourquoi observe-t-on encore de nos jours une permanence du noir et blanc dans la photographie ? Notre thèse espère donc produire une synthèse sur cette question, forte d’une bibliographie sur le Noir & Blanc, et d’axes d’analyses et de théorisations bénéficiant d’une approche pluridisciplinaire, à la croisée des sciences de l’art et de l’image, de l’esthétique et de l’histoire de l’art. Elle bénéficiera également, des travaux pionniers des penseurs et spécialistes de la photographie tel que W. BENJAMIN, R. BATHES, S. SONTAG qui ont eu le mérite de débroussailler l’univers foisonnant de la photographie, avec des concepts opérants, éventuellement réaménagés pour la question spécifique du Noir & Blanc. / Long before being able to seize the world in color, photographers have worked, for a certain time, to catch it in its luminous formal Black and White reality. Nevertheless, since photography's early stages in the 1820s, and in view of its advances since then, some professionals or amateurs never stopped using Black and White. Even today, in the digital age which drinks world's colors without moderation, a lot of photographers still show monochrome photos. So, whereas color realism is very trendy and technological devices only offer this, why can we still observe a Black and White perennity in photography ? This thesis wants to produce a synthesis on this query, with a strong Black and White bibliography, and analysis axes and theorizations benefiting from a multidisciplinary approach, between art and picture sciences, aesthetic and art history. It also benefit from pioneering work of thinkers and photography specialists as W. BENJAMIN, R. BARTHES and S. SONTAG, who have the virtue to clear the photography abundant universe with effective concept, eventually reorganized for the specific Black and White question.

Submitted by Ilmar Polary Pereira Polary (i.polary@hotmail.com) on 2012-08-30T13:05:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gestão por Sustentabilidade Integrada -GSI - Ilmar Polary - FGV - 2012.pdf: 8449760 bytes, checksum: 48ce97c3ea3432d126053ee744399ae9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2012-08-31T15:29:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Gestão por Sustentabilidade Integrada -GSI - Ilmar Polary - FGV - 2012.pdf: 8449760 bytes, checksum: 48ce97c3ea3432d126053ee744399ae9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2012-09-03T19:37:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Gestão por Sustentabilidade Integrada -GSI - Ilmar Polary - FGV - 2012.pdf: 8449760 bytes, checksum: 48ce97c3ea3432d126053ee744399ae9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-09-03T19:37:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gestão por Sustentabilidade Integrada -GSI - Ilmar Polary - FGV - 2012.pdf: 8449760 bytes, checksum: 48ce97c3ea3432d126053ee744399ae9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-04 / The Thesis analyzed and described in the first stage through the literature in the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises: the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises’ role in the society – definitions, conceptions, phases and processes; political, economical, social and legal aspects, management aspects, success, perennity, failure and mortality of Brazilian reality; comparative data of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in some countries and the Large Enterprise. After, the Conceptual Pattern of Integrated Sustainability Management, its Dimensions, Components and Variables; the Integrated Sustainability Management as Professional Management for the enterprises based in Entrepreneurism in two areas of literature: Economical and Managerial; and the World and Brazilian wide view about Entrepreneurism. Then, the Integrated Sustainability Management in two sceneries: Scenery I – the Integrated Sustainability Management and the impact in Management, Success and Perennity of industrial Micro, Small, Medium and Large Enterprises in the State of Maranhao; and Scenery II – the impact of perennity of industrial Micro, Small, Medium and Large Enterprises in the Industrial Development in the State of Maranhão. In the second stage, the study presents the results and data analyses of the Field Research performed in the sample of industrial Micro, Small, Medium and Large Enterprises of State of Maranhao in 14 (fourteen) counties, representing the universe of the 170 (a hundred seventy) ones that have formal industries based on Federation of the Industries of the State of Maranhao cadaster (2006). From the analysis of literature and of the managers’ view of industrial sample, the Thesis analyzed the problem of: 'How does the Integrated Sustainability Management befriend Management, Success and Perennity of industrial Micro, Small, Medium and Large Enterprises and how does these Micro, Small, Medium and Large Enterprises’ perennity impact the Industrial Development of State of Maranhao?', in which the results confirm that ' The management of industrial Micro, Small, Medium and Large Enterprises of State of Maranhao, when applied in Integrated Sustainability Management, according to the managers, befriends Management, Success and Perennity of Micro, Small, Medium and Large Enterprises'; and 'The perennity of industrial Micro, Small, Medium and Large Enterprises in the State of Maranhao, according to the managers, impacts positively the Industrial Development of State of Maranhao'. Finally, it presents limitations, recommendations of the research for future investigations and conclusions. / A Tese analisou nas Micro, Pequenas e Médias Empresas, em sua primeira etapa, através da literatura, e descreveu: o seu papel na sociedade – suas definições, concepções, fases e processos; aspectos políticos, econômicos sociais, legais, de gestão, sucesso, perenidade, insucesso e mortalidade da realidade brasileira; dados comparativos das Micro, Pequenas e Médias Empresas em alguns países e a Grande Empresa. Prosseguindo, o Modelo Conceitual da Gestão por Sustentabilidade Integrada, suas Dimensões, Componentes e Variáveis, como Gestão Profissional para as empresas fundamentada no Empreendedorismo em dois ramos da literatura: a Econômica e a Gerencial; e o panorama mundial e brasileiro do Empreendedorismo. Na sequência a Gestão por Sustentabilidade Integrada em dois cenários: no Cenário I – o impacto na Gestão, Sucesso e Perenidade das Micro, Pequenas, Médias e Grandes Empresas industriais do Estado do Maranhão; e no Cenário II – o impacto da Perenidade das Micro, Pequenas, Médias e Grandes Empresas industriais no Desenvolvimento Industrial do Estado do Maranhão. Na segunda etapa, apresenta os resultados e análises de dados da Pesquisa de Campo realizada na amostra das Micro, Pequenas, Médias e Grandes Empresas industriais do Estado do Maranhão em 14 (quatorze) municípios, representando o universo dos 170 (cento e setenta) que tem indústrias formais com base no cadastro da Federação das Indústrias do Estado do Maranhão (2006). A partir da análise da literatura e da visão dos gestores da amostra industrial, a Tese analisou a problemática de 'Como a Gestão por Sustentabilidade Integrada favorece a Gestão, Sucesso e Perenidade das Micro, Pequenas, Médias e Grandes Empresas industriais do Estado do Maranhão e da perenidade dessas Micro, Pequenas, Médias e Grandes Empresas no Desenvolvimento Industrial?', em que os resultados confirmam que 'A Gestão das Micro, Pequenas, Médias e Grandes Empresas industriais do Estado do Maranhão, quando aplicada na Gestão por Sustentabilidade Integrada, na visão dos gestores , favorece a Gestão, Sucesso e Perenidade das Micro, Pequenas, Médias e Grandes Empresas'; e 'A perenidade das Micro, Pequenas, Médias e Grandes Empresas industriais do Estado do Maranhão, na visão dos gestores, impacta positivamente no Desenvolvimento Industrial do Estado do Maranhão'. Finalizando, apresenta as limitações, recomendações da pesquisa para futuras investigações e as conclusões.