Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία πραγματεύεται τη μελέτη και προσομοίωση ενός τμήματος μιας ανεμογεννήτριας η οποία μελλοντικά θα συνδεθεί στο τριφασικό δίκτυο. Η εργασία αυτή εκπονήθηκε στο Εργαστήριο Ηλεκτρομηχανικής Μετατροπής Ενέργειας του Τμήματος Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών και Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών της Πολυτεχνικής Σχολής του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Συγκεκριμένα μελετήθηκε και προσομοιώθηκε μια σύγχρονη μηχανή μόνιμου μαγνήτη, η οποία θα αποτελέσει τη γεννήτρια της διάταξης, η οποία συνδέεται στην έξοδο με έναν τριφασικό μετατροπέα. Σκοπός του μετατροπέα είναι η μετατροπή της εναλλασσόμενης τάσης που δέχεται στην είσοδο του, και προέρχεται από την τάση εξ επαγωγής στο στάτη της μηχανής, σε μια συνεχή τάση στην έξοδο του μετατροπέα, δηλαδή πρόκειται για έναν ανορθωτή. Επιπλέον ο μετατροπέας αυτός είναι ένας μετατροπέας ανύψωσης της τάσης, δηλαδή ένας μετατροπέας τύπου boost. Η ανύψωση αυτή γίνεται έχοντας ως δεδομένο ότι ο απώτερος σκοπός μας είναι η σύνδεση της ανεμογεννήτριας στο δίκτυο των 220 V. Συγκεκριμένα η συνεχής τάση που θα μας δώσει ο ανορθωτής προορίζεται να μετατραπεί εκ νέου σε εναλλασσόμενη, από μια διάταξη αντιστροφέα, ώστε τελικά να προκύψει μια κατάλληλη τάση για σύνδεση της ανεμογεννήτριας στο δίκτυο. Ύστερα από μελέτη διαφόρων ανορθωτικών διατάξεων επιλέχθηκε να χρησιμοποιηθεί στην προσομοίωσή ο τριφασικός ανορθωτής ανύψωσης ενός διακοπτικού στοιχείου. Ο διακόπτης του ανορθωτή παλμοδοτήθηκε με την τεχνική της Διαμόρφωσης Εύρους των Παλμών (Pulse Width Modulation-P.W.M) ενώ ένας PI ελεγκτής χρησιμοποιήθηκε προκειμένου να προσαρμοστεί η συνεχής τάση εξόδου του μετατροπέα στις απαιτήσεις του δικτύου. Η μηχανή που μελετήθηκε είναι μια σύγχρονη γεννήτρια μόνιμου μαγνήτη οχτώ πόλων, ονομαστικής ισχύος 660 W, ονομαστικής τάσης 48 V και ονομαστικής ταχύτητας 3000 rpm. Για την εξομοίωσή της χρησιμοποιήθηκε το λογισμικό Οpera σε δύο διαστάσεις (2d). Στο περιβάλλον σχεδίασης κυκλωμάτων του ίδιου προγράμματος σχεδιάστηκε σε πρώτη φάση ο τριφασικός ανορθωτής και έτσι έγινε εξαγωγή των αποτελεσμάτων για το σύστημα ανοιχτού βρόχου. Στη συνέχεια έγινε διασύνδεση του λογισμικού Opera με το Simulink του Matlab ώστε να επιτευχθεί έλεγχος κλειστού βρόχου αλλά και εκ νέου εξαγωγή των αποτελεσμάτων ανοιχτού βρόχου, ενώ παράλληλα πραγματοποιήθηκε εξομοίωση του συστήματος μηχανής μετατροπέα εξ ολοκλήρου στο Simulink του Matlab με σκοπό την επιλογή των βέλτιστων παραμέτρων του PI ελεγκτή. / This thesis deals with the design and simulation of a section of a wind turbine which will in future be connected to the three-phase network. The thesis was accomplished in Electromechanical Energy Conversion Laboratory , Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering of the University of Patras. Specifically, it was studied and simulated a permanent magnet synchronous machine , which is connected to the output with a three-phase converter. The purpose of the converter is to convert the alternating voltage it receives at its entrance, and it comes from the induced voltage in the stator of the machine , into a constant output voltage. Furthermore, the converter’s purpose is to elevate the voltage as it is a boost converter. The voltage should be elevated because the ultimate goal is to connect the wind turbine to the grid of 220 V. Specifically, the dc output voltage of the rectifier, is intended to be converted back into the appropriate ac voltage in order to connect the wind turbine to the grid. Having studying various rectifier’s topologies, it had been chosen the three-phase single switch boost rectifier. The Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) was chosen for the rectifier’s switch and a PI controller was used to adjust the DC output voltage of the converter to the grid . The studied machine is a permanent magnet synchronous generator with eight poles , rated power 660 W, 48 V nominal voltage and rated speed of 3000 rpm. For the simulation, it was used Opera F.E.M. software in two dimensions (2d). In the same program’s design environment was designed the three-phase rectifier and the results for the open loop system were taken. Then, in order to achieve closed – loop control, the rectifier model was created in the “Matlab/Simulink” environment and the machine F.E.M. model was created in “Opera-2D” environment and they were combined into a composite model. By using this interface we managed to re export also results for the open loop system in order to compare the new results with the ones when only the Opera (machine-rectifier) model was used. Finally, the system machine – rectifier was simulated entirely in Simulink of Matlab in order to select the optimum parameters of the PI controller.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis is a description of how the first magnetically geared axial flux permanent magnet generator (MGAFG) is designed, constructed and experimentally evaluated. Magnetic gears (MGs) allow for contact-less power transfer and lubricant free operation, which may solve the reliability concerns with current mechanically geared wind energy converters. However, the complex structure of MGs may present serious challenges to its design. Thus, special care should be given to the mechanical layout and the electromagnetic influence of every component. The MGAFG can be configured to be magnetically coupled or decoupled. In the coupled configuration the permanent magnets (PMs) of the MG contribute to the total flux linkage in the PM generator (PMG). The coupled configuration is therefore more efficient. The processing time required to optimise the decoupled configuration is however much faster, since the MG and the PMG can be optimised separately. The optimised results show that a torque density in excess of 100kNm/m3 could be achieved, which is significantly higher than any of known electrical machines. However, owing to excessive losses in the mechanical support structures, the prototype exhibited lower torque density and poor efficiency. The design related aspects and issues are analysed and discussed in detail in an attempt to outline problem areas in the design process. Relevant recommendations are also given for future design improvements. The costs of magnetic material accounts for over fifty percent of the total cost of the prototype. Therefore to make the manufacturing of the MGAFG more economically viable magnetic material should be minimised in the design process. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word die eerste magnetiese geratte aksiale vloed permanente magneet generator (MGAVG) ontwerp, vervaardig en eksperimenteel geëvalueer. In magnetiese ratte (MR) is daar geen kontak tussen werkende dele nie, daarom word geen smeermiddels benodig nie. Dit dra by tot die betroubaarheid van die ratkaste in wind energie generators en kan onderhoud grotendeels uitskakel. Die komplekse struktuur van magnetiese ratte kan egter die betroubaarheid van die ontwerp juis verswak. Daarom moet die meganiese uitleg noukeurig beplan word sodat dit nie die elektromagnetiese werking ondermyn nie. Die magnetiese rat (MR) en die permanente magneet generator (PMG) van die masjien kan magneties of sonder magnetiese koppeling verbind word. In die gekoppelde konfigurasie dra all die permanente magnete van die MR gesamentlik by tot die totale vloed-koppeling in die PMG. Wat die magnetiese gekoppelde konfigurasie meer doeltrefend maak. Minder tyd word benodig om die nie magnetiese gekoppelde konfigurasie te optimaliseer omdat die MR en die PMG apart geoptimaliseer kan word. Die optimale resultate toon dat ’n wringkrag van meer as 100kNm/3 bereik kan word, wat aansienlik beter is as die van bekende elektriese masjiene. Maar as gevolg van oormatige verliese in die meganiese strukture, toon die prototipe lae wringkrag digtheid en swak doeltreffendheid. Die ontwerp probleme word ontleed en bespreek in ’n poging om probleem areas in die ontwerp te identifiseer. Relevante aanbevelings word gegee vir toekomstige ontwerp verbeterings. Die koste van die magnetiese material verteenwoordig meer as vyftig persent van die vervaardigings koste van die prototipe. Koste kan bespaar word op die vervaardiging van die MGAVG deur die hoeveelheid magnete wat gebruik word te beperk.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The electromagnetic and mechanical design aspects of an optimally designed double-sided rotor radial flux permanent magnet wind generator with non-overlap iron-cored stator windings are analysed in this thesis. The generator topology proposed in this study aims to reduce the strength demand on the generator structural support, caused by the magnetic attraction forces between the rotor and stator iron components, and in so doing reducing the overall generator mass. The proposed design has very good cooling properties. Compared to a conventional iron-cored permanent magnet generator and an air-cored permanent magnet generator, the double-sided rotor iron-cored topology performs the best with reference to mass and efficiency. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die elektro-magnetiese en meganiese ontwerp-aspekte van ‘n optimal ontwerpte tweesydige rotor radial-vloed permanente magneet windgenerator met nie-oorvleulende ysterkern statorwindings word in hierdie tesis ontleed. Met die generator topologie wat in hierdie studie voorgestel word, word beoog om die strukturele materiaal wat vir die generator benodig is te verminder. Die magnetise aantrekkingskragte tussen die yster komponente van die rotor en stator word dus aangespreek in hierdie studie, om sodoende ook die algehele massa van die permanente magneet generator te verminder. Die voorgestelde tweesydige-rotor ontwerp het baie goeie verkoelings eienskappe en het ‘n kleiner massa en hoër effektiwiteit as beide ‘n konvensionele ysterkern generator met ‘n enkelsydige-rotor en ‘n tweesydige-rotor lugkern permanente magneet generator met dieselfde drywingsvermoë.

published_or_final_version / Electrical and Electronic Engineering / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Les suspensions magnétiques passives fonctionnent grâce aux forces d'attraction ou de répulsion exercées entre des aimants permanents. Après avoir donné un panorama des différentes configurations possibles de suspensions magnétiques, le calcul des interactions entre des aimants permanents a été développé. Les calculs sont effectués à des parallélépipèdes aimantés, pour lesquels l'aimantation est représentée par des distributions de charges ou de pôles (approche coulombienne). L'ensemble des interactions (énergie, forces, couples,...etc.) a été calculé par des méthodes entièrement analytiques – une partie importante de ces résultats sont originaux.-

No description available.

La bonne precision du champ magnetique est souvent necessaire pour l'imagerie a resonance magnetique. Une des possibilites pour creer ce champ est d'utiliser l'expansion de Legendre de la fonction de Green. Nous proposons une methode qui corrige les defauts de champ magnetique sur un volume d'interet par l'utilisation de petits aimants permanents (appeles "shims"). Leur position sera determinee logiciellement. Cette methode de calcul peut aussi etre utilisee pour creer quasi n'importe quel champ avec des valeurs negligeables des harmoniques d'ordre eleve.

No description available.

In this thesis we examine exchange rates and monetary policy of four emerging Asian countries, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and South Korea. We model equilibrium exchange rates using a general behavioural specification consistent with a variety of theoretical approaches; and short-run dynamics using a general non-linear adjustment model. We find in all countries examined, equilibrium nominal and real exchange rates are a function of permanent relative output and one or more variables from domestic and foreign price levels, nominal and real interest rate differentials, the level of and changes in net foreign assets, and a time trend. These results imply that individual countries present significant elements of idiosyncratic behaviour, casting doubt on empirical models using panel-data techniques. We also obtain evidence of non-linear exchange rate dynamics, with the speed of adjustment to equilibrium being in all cases a function of the size, and in two cases, the sign of the misalignment term. With respect to monetary policy, we examined these countries' monetary policy reaction function based on an open economy augmented Taylor rule including the exchange rate and the foreign interest rate. Using a formal testing approach, our tests reject linearity, suggesting that monetary authorities in these four emerging economies are subject to nonlinear inflation effects and that they respond more vigorously to inflation when it is further from the target. Our results also lead us to speculate that policymakers in three countries may have been attempting to keep inflation within the range, while those in the other country may have been pursuing a point inflation target. Finally, we also find monetary policy is asymmetric as policy makers respond differently to upward and downward deviations of inflation away from the target.

Fixed-term employment has become increasingly common in the Swedish labour market, despite that the stated main rule is permanent employment. The phenomenon affects different groups in society, especially since statistics indicate that it is mainly women, young and foreign-born people who have fixed-term contracts. Sweden was notified from the European Commission for not having lived up to the minimum requirements that the Council Directive 1999/70/EC framework agreement on fixed-term work issued. Several years of correspondence resulted in that Sweden was faced with the risk to stand in front of the Court of Justice of the European Union on charges of infringement if the law was not changed. A new law was presented May 1 2016. Lawmakers had here taken up by the Directive's requirement of maximum total duration of successive fixed-term employment contracts. This resulted in giving 5 § of the employment protection act, a bigger possibility to convert fixed- term contracts into permanent employment contracts than before. The purpose of this paper is to look at the differences between different social groups and job security, and to examine, illuminate and analyze the problem of fixed-term employment for different groups of workers and to set this in relation to the EU Directive on fixed-term. To answer the purpose of the essay and research questions the doctrinal method has been used to interpret, investigate and determine the applicable law. The new legislation has made it much more difficult for employers to misuse of fixed-term contracts, but it is very difficult to interpret the provisions of the law. In my opinion, unnecessarily complicated which is an important factor that can make the new legislation ineffective.