Wave interaction with a rubble-mound breakwater has been studied experimentally in the thesis. The breakwater may contain multi-layer anisotropic but homogeneous media. Fluid outside the porous layer field is assumed to incompressible and viscous,and the flow field is irrational. The study applies the velocity potential to describe the wave field with small amplitude incident wave. Under the consideration of linearity, Analytical solution is solved from boundary value program by the method of separation of variables. It bases on dispersion equation. Try to find the range and position of the complex eigenvalues in each porous column and to solve the velocity potential in the field by numerical methods. Wave reflection, transmission, and energy dissipation with a rubble-mound breakwater have been investigated experimentally, and consider the wave close linear wave theory, the wave steepness smaller than 0.035. Three different sizes of grain are used to construct the porous base, they are 16mm, 25mm, and 35mm, respectively. Single and double layers of porous base are considered. Some of the reflection coefficient are convergence, but they are the unreasonable results. Maybe the trouble is in the process of the computation with determination of .eigenvalues. When the wave has long period, the double-layer porous model reduces more wave energy, when the wave has short period, the single-layer porous and the smaller porous material model can disappears more wave energy. The characteristic of internal resistance in the porous has the difference along with the wave period. When the model crest is higher than the sea level, the consumption of wave energy are more when it is shorter along with the wave period. As a submerged breakwater, the effect for disappears wave energy to be limited.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1960. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Vascular hyperpermeability is a common characteristic among many tumour types, especially those that grow in ascites form. With these, the exudate that flows out of the circulation collects as ascites fluid in the cavities within which these tumours are growing. In the past, this hyperpermeability has been attributed to the production of vascular permeability factor (VPF) by tumours. VPF has been found to bind to endothelial cells and lead to an increased vascular permeability. In the present study, the role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) in tumour vascular hyperpermeability was investigated. Hey-3 tumour cells were grown into masses on the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). Interstitial neutrophilia was found to be a common feature at the tumour-host interface. Horseradish peroxidase was injected into the circulation and allowed to perfuse for five minutes. The density of labelled vesicles within the endothelial cell cytoplasm was calculated to be 0.99 +/-0.28 vesicles/μm². This vesicular density was comparable to that of N-formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine (a chemotactic peptide for neutrophils)-treated CAM (1.04 +/-0.09 vesicles/μm²), but very different from control CAM (0.51 +/- 0.09 vesicles/μm²). In order to rule out any immune response to foreign cells, immune hepatocyte masses were grown on the CAM and vesicular density was calculated to be 0.54 +/-0.03 vesicles/μm². Through chemotaxis assays with the Boyden chamber, it was observed that Hey-3 tumour cells in culture were producing a chemotactic factor that is an attractant for human neutrophils. Once in the area, neutrophils do possess the potential to increase vascular permeability. Thus, neutrophils play a role in vascular endothelial hyperpermeability in tumours. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

El Perú presenta diversas eventualidades como las lluvias, que retrasan distintas actividades que promueven el crecimiento económico del país. Las zonas urbanas necesitan una mejora continua del entorno con mejores infraestructuras para promover el crecimiento y reducir los accidentes. En la actualidad, se necesita fomentar por el medio local soluciones innovadoras para la evacuación de altas precipitaciones. El concreto permeable es un tipo de concreto cuya tecnología permite que el agua discurra a través de su estructura por la alta porosidad que posee a diferencia del concreto tradicional. Es fabricado de agregado grueso y material cementante, con un bajo porcentaje de finos de hasta el 10%. Esta investigación consiste en proponer un diseño de mezcla de concreto permeable de f’c=175kg/cm² aplicado en veredas que satisfaga distintos requerimientos establecidos por las normas CE010 de Pavimentos Urbanos, ACI 211.3R, ACI 522R-10 y los propios de la zona de aplicación. Para ello se realizó una batería de 12 diseños de mezcla con relaciones a/c 0.30, 0.35 y 0.38; agregados de HUSO 7 y 67; cementos portland tipo 1 Sol y Quisqueya; y aditivo Z fluidizante SR. Se realizaron ensayos en estado fresco: Slump, peso volumétrico y contenido de vacíos; y en estado endurecido: Resistencia a la compresión y flexión, y permeabilidad. Finalmente se realizó un prototipo con el diseño que presentó mejores características con el propósito de validar la investigación y se realizo un comparativo entre las veredas de concreto permeable y tradicional. / Peru presents various eventualities such as rainfall, which delay different activities that promote the country's economic growth. Urban areas need continuous improvement of the environment with better infrastructure to promote growth and reduce accidents. At present, innovative solutions for the evacuation of high rainfall need to be promoted through the local environment. Permeable concrete is a type of concrete whose technology allows water to flow through its structure due to the high porosity it possesses, unlike traditional concrete. It is made of coarse aggregate and cementitious material, with a low percentage of fines of up to 10%. This research consists in proposing a permeable concrete mix design of f'c = 175kg / cm² applied in sidewalks that satisfies different requirements established by the CE010 standards of Urban Pavements, ACI 211.3R, ACI 522R-10 and those of the area of application. For this, a battery of 12 mixing designs with a / c ratios of 0.30, 0.35 and 0.38; aggregates of HUSO 7 and 67; portland cements type 1 Sol and Quisqueya; and fluidizing Z additive SR. Fresh tests were performed: Slump, volumetric weight and void content; and in a hardened state: resistance to compression and flexion, and permeability. Finally, a prototype was made with the design that presented better characteristics with the purpose of validating the research and a comparison was made between the permeable and traditional concrete sidewalks. / Tesis

No description available.

Submitted by Luanna Matias (lua_matias@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-02-03T20:24:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Humberto Rodrigues Mariano - 2014.pdf: 3420904 bytes, checksum: df2e12effb9611d6dd21028e365b4b75 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-02-04T13:57:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Humberto Rodrigues Mariano - 2014.pdf: 3420904 bytes, checksum: df2e12effb9611d6dd21028e365b4b75 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-04T13:57:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Humberto Rodrigues Mariano - 2014.pdf: 3420904 bytes, checksum: df2e12effb9611d6dd21028e365b4b75 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-10 / Rapid urbanization in Brazil produces significant impacts on the quality of life. Rains have been one of the main problems faced by managers of the environment due to the sealing of large areas in cities. This work aims to develop of permeable interlocki ng flooring that can be used in many types of flooring, such as in outdoor areas of homes, plazas, parking lots, roads and pedestrian routes traffic light vehicle traffic. The study examined the permeability of concrete made from gneiss rock with grain size rema ins in diameters (4.75, 6.3 and 9.5) mm and (4.75 and 6.3) mm and uniform particle size of 6.3 mm and 9.5 mm mortar with varying content of 30%, 33%, 35%, 40%, 42% a nd 44%. Compressive strength mortar with content of 30%, 33%, 35%, 40%, 42%, 44% and 55% and abrasion resistance with mortar content of 40%, 42%, 44% and 55%. After analyzing the results of the tests, the concrete produced with mortar content of 42% and continuous particle size of (4.75, 6.3 and 9.5) mm which was attended abrasion resistance based on NBR 12041, the compressive strength based on NBR 9781 and permeability according to standard ACI 522 to R 06 interlocked with permeable concrete floor. / A urbanização acelerada no Brasil produz impactos significativos quanto à qualidade de vida. As chuvas têm sido um dos principais problemas enfrentados pelos gestores do meio ambiente devido à impermeabilização de grandes áreas nas cidades. Este trabalho tem como finalidade o desenvolvimento de um piso intertravado permeável que possa ser utilizado em diversos tipos de pavimentações, tais como em áreas externas de residências, praças, estacionamentos, vias de tráfego de pedestres e vias de tráfego de veículos leves. O estudo analisou a permeabilidade em concretos produzidos com rocha gnaisse com granulometria continua nos diâmetros de (4,75; 6,3 e 9,5) mm e (4,75 e 6,3) mm e com granulometria uniforme de 6,3 mm e 9,5 mm com teor de argamassa variando em 30%, 33%, 35%, 40%, 42% e 44%. Resistência à compressão com teor de argamassa de 30%, 33%, 35%, 40%, 42%, 44% e 55% e resistência à abrasão com teor de argamassa de 40%, 42%, 44% e 55%. Após análise dos resultados dos ensaios, o concreto produzido com teor de argamassa de 42% e granulometria contínua de (4,75; 6,3 e 9,5) mm foi o que atendeu à resistência à abrasão baseado na norma NBR 12041, à resistência à compressão baseada na norma NBR 9781 e a permeabilidade de acordo com a norma ACI 522 R- 06 para piso intertravado com concreto permeável.

Recently, the Texas Department of Transportation began using Permeable Friction Course (PFC), a 5 cm overlay of porous pavement that is applied over conventional pavement. PFC was initially developed because it allows water to drain off the surface of roads much more rapidly, thus reducing visual impairment due to splash and spray as well as reducing the risk of hydroplaning. While investigating the water quality of stormwater runoff, researchers at the University of Texas discovered that PFC caused a reduction in many common stormwater pollutant concentrations. Monitoring of stormwater at one site has been ongoing for 5 years without any indication of a decline in water quality. A second location provided paired samples to analyze the particle size distribution. Results show a significant reduction in the mass of particles commonly associated with heavy metals and nutrient loads. A third location was chosen based on tests indicating it to have a lower hydraulic conductivity relative to other locations. The paired samples provided a comparison of runoff quality at a site believed to be heavily clogged. The results show PFC continues to produce significantly lower runoff pollutant concentrations despite the decreased hydraulic conductivity. / text

"A one dimensional, multiple reaction pathway model of the dechlorination reactions of trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene (PCE) as these species pass through a zero valent iron permeable reactive barrier (PRB) was produced. Three different types of rate equations were tested; first order, surface controlled with interspecies competition, and surface controlled with inter and intra species competition. The first order rate equations predicted the most accurate results when compared to actual data from permeable reactive barriers. Sensitivity analysis shows that the most important variable in determining TCE concentration in the barrier is the first order rate constant for the degradation of TCE. The velocity of the water through the barrier is the second most important variable determining TCE concentration. For PCE the concentration in the barrier is most sensitive to the velocity of the water and to the first order degradation rate constant for the PCE to dichloroacetylene reaction. Overall, zero valent iron barriers are more effective for the treatment of TCE than PCE. "

No description available.

Permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) are one of the leading technologies being developed in the search for alternatives to the pump-and-treat method for the remediation of contaminated groundwater. A new optimising design methodology is proposed to aid decision-makers in finding minimum cost PRB designs for remediation problems in the presence of input uncertainty. The unique aspects of the proposed methodology are considered to be: design enhancements to improve the hydraulic performance of PRB systems; elimination of a time-consuming simulation model by determination of approximating functions relating design variables and performance measures for fully penetrating PRB systems; a versatile, spreadsheet-based optimisation model that locates minimum cost PRB designs using Excel's standard non-linear solver; and the incorporation of realistic input variability and uncertainty into the optimisation process via sensitivity analysis, scenario analysis and factorial analysis. The design methodology is developed in the context of the remediation of nitrate contamination due to current concerns with nitrate in New Zealand. Three-dimensional computer modelling identified significant variation in capture and residence time, caused by up-gradient funnels and/or a gate hydraulic conductivity that is significantly different from the surrounding aquifer. The unique design enhancements to control this variation are considered to be the customised down-gradient gate face and emplacement of funnels and side walls deeper than the gate. The use of velocity equalisation walls and manipulation of a PRB's hydraulic conductivity within certain bounds were also found to provide some control over variation in capture and residence time. Accurate functional relationships between PRB design variables and PRB performance measures were shown to be achievable for fully penetrating systems. The chosen design variables were gate length, gate width, funnel width and the reactive material proportion. The chosen performance measures were edge residence, centreline residence and capture width. A method for laboratory characterisation of reactive and non-reactive material combinations was shown to produce data points that could realistically be part of smooth polynomial interpolation functions. The use of smooth approximating functions to characterise PRB inputs and determine PRB performance enabled the creation of an efficient spreadsheet model that ran more quickly and accurately with Excel's standard non-linear solver than with the LGO global solver or Evolver genetic-algorithm based solver. The PRB optimisation model will run on a standard computer and only takes a couple of minutes per optimisation run. Significant variation is expected in inputs to PRB design, particularly in aquifer and plume characteristics. Not all of this variation is quantifiable without significant expenditure. Stochastic models that include parameter variability have historically been difficult to apply to realistic remediation design due to their size and complexity. Scenario and factorial analysis are proposed as an efficient alternative for quantifying the effects of input variability on optimal PRB design. Scenario analysis is especially recommended when high quality input information is available and variation is not expected in many input parameters. Factorial analysis is recommended for most other situations as it separates out the effects of multiple input parameters at multiple levels without an excessive number of experimental runs.