Partial-infiltration permeable pavement (PP) systems provide environmental benefits by increasing infiltration, attenuating storm flows and improving stormwater quality. This thesis focuses on the performance and operation of partial-infiltration PP systems over low permeability soil in Ontario. Three PP, AquaPave®, Eco-Optiloc® and Hydromedia® Pervious Concrete were monitored over two years and their performance was evaluated relative to an impermeable Asphalt control. Field data was collected from the Kortright PP pilot parking lot in Vaughan, Ontario. Through the use of restrictor valves on underdrains the PP systems were shown to provide substantial hydrologic benefits by eliminating stormwater outflow for rain events less than 7mm, reducing peak flows by 91% and reducing total stormwater volume by 43%. Stormwater quality was analyzed for winter and non-winter seasons. The PP were shown to greatly reduce the concentration and total loading of suspended solids, nutrients, hydrocarbons and most heavy metals. Some water quality data, such as pH, K, or Sr levels, indicate that the quality of PP effluent will change as the system ages. Study of PP sample boxes at the University of Guelph highlighted the role that construction materials have on effluent quality and showed that pollutants introduced by the pavement and aggregate are almost entirely in a dissolved form and decline very rapidly after a season of exposure to rainfall. Benefits to water quality were sustained during winter months. The partial-infiltration PP systems were shown to provide buffering of Na and Cl concentrations. Small and large-scale maintenance practices for PP systems were investigated. Small-sized equipment testing found that vacuum cleaning and pressure-washing have good potential to improve infiltration capacity. Testing of full-sized streetsweeping trucks demonstrated that permeability can be partially restored on PICP by suction-based sweeping. Vacuum-sweeping was beneficial on a PC pavement which had experienced large permeability losses. Results of this study indicate that partial-infiltration PP systems can be effective measures for maintaining or restoring infiltration functions on parking lots and other low volume traffic areas, even in areas with low permeability soils.

La siguiente investigación sustenta el desarrollo de una Facultad de Ciencias Empresariales en la región de Tumbes, bajo los aspectos y criterios de la arquitectura permeable. La motivación para este proyecto nace de observar el déficit de respaldo educativo sobre el ámbito empresarial en la mayoría de población peruana, especialmente en provincias. El problema arquitectónico por resolver se basa en la infraestructura inadecuada de educación superior y se propone resolver mediante la permeabilidad, la cual utiliza espacios de conexión visual y física entre ambientes públicos y privados, creando una mejor versatilidad en los espacios que necesitará el usuario de esta facultad. / The following research supports the development of a Faculty of Business Sciences in Tumbes, under the aspects and criteria of permeable architecture. The motivation for this project origins from observing the lack of educational support on the business environment in the majority of Peruvian population, especially in the provinces. The architectural problem to be solved is based on the inadequate infrastructure of higher education and it is proposed to solve it through permeability, which uses visual and physical connection spaces between public and private environments, creating better versatility in the spaces that the user of this faculty will need. / Trabajo de investigación

El presente trabajo de investigación se concentrará en la industria del cuero y calzado peruana. En el Perú solo el 1.4% de la producción nacional es dedicada a la exportación, así mismo el mantiene estrechas relaciones con potenciales mercados internacionales, los cuales reconocen la buena calidad del producto nacional. En la actualidad, Lima cuenta con varios conglomerados comerciales dedicados al sector, de los cuales resalta el mercado de cueros de Caquetá en el distrito del Rímac, donde se encuentra El Centro de Intercambio Tecnológico para el cuero y calzado o “Citeccal”. Pese a los esfuerzos de El Instituto Tecnológico de la Producción del Perú para elevar el potencial exportador de la industria nacional aún no ha tenido el alcance deseado con las empresas del sector, debido a las carencias de la infraestructura del Citeccal frente a los objetivos trazados. Esta investigación plantea un nuevo Citeccal que mantenga su ubicación estratégica en el mercado de Caquetá, debido su importancia comercial, el valor histórico de la comunidad del lugar y la necesidad urbana de modernizar la zona. Así mismo, que cumpla con los requisitos de la tipología Centro de investigación complementado con el énfasis de arquitectura permeable con el fin de fortalecer los vínculos entre la institución, las empresas y la comunidad del mercado. Se espera alcanzar dicho objetivo mediante los conceptos de accesibilidad, continuidad del contexto urbano, fluidez entre el espacio público y el interior del cite, además busca fortalecer los espacios permeables bajos los conceptos de adaptabilidad, variedad de usos. / The present investigation work is focused on the Peruvian leather and footwear industry. In Peru only 1.4% of the national production is dedicated to export, nevertheless, local industry permanently maintains close relationships with all the potential international markets, which recognize the good quality of Peruvian national products. Nowadays, Lima has several commercial conglomerates dedicated to the sector. One of them is Caquetá leather market in the Rímac district, where Footwear and leather development center called “Citeccal” is located. Despite the efforts of the Technological Institute of Production of Peru to increase the export potential of this national industry, the desired effect for the sector is not achieve due to Citeccal deficient infrastructure. This investigation proposes a new Citeccal maintaining its strategic location in the Caquetá market, owing to the commercial importance, its historical value to the local community and the urban necessity to modernize the area. The new building for Citeccal must need to emphasize the Investigation Center architectural requirements supplemented with the permeability emphasis, in the order to strengthen links between the institution itself, the companies and the market community. It is expected to achieve this through concepts of accessibility, continuity the urban context, fluidity between public and private spaces, also to strengthening permeable spaces will include the concepts of adaptability and a variety of uses. / Tesis

Tesis por compendio / [ES] Los Pavimentos Permeables (PP) son una técnica de los denominados Sistemas Urbanos de Drenaje Sostenible (SUDS). A diferencia de otras técnicas de este tipo, proporciona una superficie dura transitable a la vez que gestiona las aguas pluviales superficiales, siendo sus propiedades hidráulicas fundamentales para su rendimiento como SUDS. Esta tesis explora el rendimiento hidráulico de los PP, basándose en el modelo hidrológico-hidráulico de PP proporcionado en el ampliamente utilizado Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). La tesis se presenta en un formato de tres artículos. Así, tras una aproximación a la pregunta general de investigación dada en el primer capítulo introductorio, el segundo capítulo del documento analiza qué parámetros son los más influyentes y cuáles son despreciables en el modelo, proporcionando un análisis de sensibilidad general. El siguiente capítulo explora la relación entre el modelo de PP de SWMM y el modelo de número de curva (CN), ampliamente utilizado, en lo que respecta a la escorrentía deducida por ambos modelos en función de la permeabilidad del pavimento. En el cuarto capítulo se analiza la respuesta del PP en condiciones experimentales controladas y se compara con el modelo de PP dado en SWMM. Tras una discusión general de los resultados en el quinto capítulo, se ofrecen unas conclusiones generales en el último. La tesis profundiza en el conocimiento del comportamiento hidráulico de los PP para ayudar a profesionales e investigadores en su caracterización. / [CA] Els Paviments Permeables (PP) són una tècnica dels denominats Sistemes Urbans de Drenatge Sostenible (SUDS). A diferència d'altres tècniques d'aquest tipus, proporciona una superfície dura transitable alhora que gestiona les aigües pluvials superficials, sent les seues propietats hidràuliques fonamentals per al seu rendiment com SUDS. Aquesta tesi explora el rendiment hidràulic dels PP, basant-se en el model hidrològic-hidràulic de PP proporcionat en l'àmpliament utilitzat Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). La tesi es presenta en un format de tres articles. Així, després d'una aproximació a la pregunta general d'investigació donada en el primer capítol introductori, el segon capítol del document analitza quins paràmetres són els més influents i quins són menyspreables en el model, proporcionant una anàlisi de sensibilitat general. El següent capítol explora la relació entre el model de PP de SWMM i el model de número de corba (CN), àmpliament utilitzat, pel que fa a l'escolament deduït per tots dos models en funció de la variable permeabilitat del paviment. En el quart capítol s'analitza la resposta del PP en condicions experimentals controlades i es compara amb el model de PP donat en SWMM. Després d'una discussió general dels resultats en el cinqué capítol, s'ofereixen unes conclusions generals en l'últim. La tesi aprofundix en el coneixement del comportament hidràulic dels PP per a ajudar a professionals i investigadors en la seua caracterització. / [EN] Permeable Pavements (PP) are a Sustainable Urban Drainage System (SUDS) technique. Unlike other such techniques, it provides a transitable hard surface while managing surface stormwater, being its hydraulic properties fundamental for its performance as a SUDS. This dissertation explores the hydraulic performance of PPs, based on the hydrologic-hydraulic model of PP provided in the widely used Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). The dissertation is presented in a \textit{three-paper} format. Accordingly, after an approach to the general research question given in the first introductory chapter, the second chapter of the document analyses which parameters are the most influential and which are negligible in the model by providing a general sensitivity analysis. The next chapter explores the relation between the PP model from SWMM and the widely used Curve Number (CN) model regarding runoff generated by both models and examines the relationship between both approaches based on the pavement permeability variable. The fourth chapter analyses the PP response under controlled experimental conditions and compares it with the PP model given in SWMM. After a general discussion of the results in the fifth chapter, general conclusions are given in the last chapter. The dissertation deepens the understanding of the hydraulic behaviour of PPs to help practitioners and researchers with its characterisation. / Madrazo Uribeetxebarria, E. (2023). Modelling the Hydraulic Response of Permeable Pavements: a Numerical and Experimental Approach for Model Comparison and Sensitivity Analysis to Design Parameters [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/196085 / Compendio

The nanoparticles of zirconium oxide, sulfated and phosphated zirconia were used to modify a Nafion membrane in order to improve its water retention, thermal stability, proton conductivity and methanol permeability so that it can be used at higher temperatures in fuel cell. These modified Nafion nanocomposite membrane with inorganic nanoparticles have been designed to run at operating temperatures between 120 oC and 140 oC because higher temperature operation reduces the impact of carbon monoxide poisoning, allows attainment of high power density and reduces cathode flooding as water is produced as vapor. The inorganic nanoparticles were incorporated within the Nafion matrix by recast, ion exchange and impregnation methods. The membrane properties were determined by ion exchange capacity (IEC), water uptake, methanol permeability and proton conductivity. The characterization of the inorganic nanoparticles within the nanocomposite membranes was determined by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Brunau-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for structural properties. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to determine the thermal properties, and the morphological properties were probed by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Pristine ZrO2, sulfated and phosphated ZrO2 nanoparticles were synthesized successfully. The particle sizes ranged from 30 nm to 10 nm respectively. The resulted particles were incorporated to a Nafion membrane with good dispersity. The conductivity of the nanocomposite membrane were around 0.1037 S/cm at 25 oC with a higher water uptake of 42 %. These results were confirmed by the highest IEC value of 1.42 meg.g-1 of Nafion/ S-ZrO2 nanocomposites membrane. These high IEC value may due to the incorporation of superacid S-ZrO2 nanoparticles which increased the membrane acid property for providing new strong acid site. / Chemical Engineering / M. Tech. (Chemical Engineering)

Permeable friction course (PFC) is a porous asphalt pavement placed on top of a regular impermeable roadway. Under small rainfall intensities, drainage is contained within the PFC layer; but, under higher rainfall intensities drainage occurs both within and on top of the porous pavement. This dissertation develops a computer model—the permeable friction course drainage code (PERFCODE)—to study this two-dimensional unsteady drainage process. Given a hyetograph, geometric information, and hydraulic properties, the model predicts the variation of water depth within and on top of the PFC layer through time. The porous layer is treated as an unconfined aquifer of variable saturated thickness using Darcy’s law and the Dupuit-Forchheimer assumptions. Surface flow is modeled using the diffusion wave approximation to the Saint-Venant equations. A mass balance approach is used to couple the surface and subsurface phases. Straight and curved roadway geometries are accommodated via a curvilinear grid. The model is validated using steady state solutions that were obtained independently. PERFCODE was applied to a field monitoring site near Austin, Texas and hydrographs predicted by the model were consistent with field measurements. For a sample storm studied in detail, PFC reduced the duration of sheet flow conditions by 80%. The model may be used to improve the drainage design of PFC roadways. / text

<p>During papermaking, the internal structure of the fibrenetwork constituting the paper is to a dominating extentdetermined in the forming zone of the paper machine. Thisthesis is aimed at studying the pressure distribution in bladeforming sections, which is commonly considered to be a keyquantity of the process.</p><p>Previous work has provided insight into the physics ofdifferent devices employed in blade forming. However, there hasbeen a lack of models enabling studies of the effects of theinteraction between different components on the pressuredistribution. In the thesis, a model is presented for a genericblade forming section consisting of three blades. The positionsof two of the blades are fix, and in between them is located asuction box. The third blade is applied by a prescribed forceto the opposing wire, in a position facing the suction box. Themodel admits the study of the interaction between the pulsesfrom the different blades in the blade/counterbladeconfiguration, and between the pulses and one-sidedsuction.</p><p>The wires are modelled as tensioned and perfectly flexibleEuler-Bernoulli beams of negligible mass. The suspension istreated like an inviscid fluid. Consideration is taken to theinfluence of fibre deposition on the permeability of thefabrics. By assuming the ratio between the length scales in thethickness direction and the machine direction to be small, aquasi one-dimensional model is obtained.</p><p>For maximum flexibility, the model domain is divided intomodules. Each module is solved individually using a finitedifference based discretisation. The solutions for thedifferent modules are matched with each other iteratively.</p><p>A comparison with published results for a single bladeindicates that the model can be used to obtain qualitativelycorrect predictions of the pressure distribution. New resultsinclude a series of calculations showing the non-trivialinteraction between the pressure pulses when the blades arepositioned successively closer together, the effects of suctionon the pressure pulse generated by a blade applied to theopposing wire, and how blades of modest curvature do notnecessarily stay in contact with the fabric along their fullwidth and the implication of this on the pressure gradient.</p><p><b>Descriptors:</b>fluid mechanics, blade forming, pressuredistribution, suction, interaction, permeable fabric,modules</p>

The digital age has pushed people closer together than ever before. A device that fits in the palm of your hand allows instantaneous communication with billions of other human beings. People share everyday experiences, passing thoughts, personal photos, sometimes privately, often publicly. Distances between people and places feel reduced. Never has it been so easy to be so emotionally close to so many people. But as digital experiences become routine, our collective perceptions of closeness and distance shift. As virtual communities become larger, so does our awareness of the actual distance between things. Even though humans can be genuinely close to one another on the internet, fragments of meaning, tone, and physicality are often lost in distance. Over-dependence on digital connection can erode local communities and generate apathy towards the real systems we depend on for survival. This project aims to investigate strategies designers and architects may employ to regenerate and recontextualize local communities in the digital age. Research suggests that contemporary cities benefit from a softening of the barrier between public and private spaces. Porous and permeable boundaries between interior and exterior realms can allow dialogues to open and communities to grow, resulting in more enriched urban societies.

L’étude biogéochimique des sédiments sableux perméables est un domaine nouveau : le rôle de ces environnements dans les cycles biogéochimiques a longtemps été négligé en raison de leur pauvreté en matière organique et de la complexité des processus transitoires s’y déroulant. Les plages sableuses sont en effet soumises à de nombreux forçages physiques, dont la marée, la houle et la connexion avec l’aquifère continental. Le processus d’advection y est le mode de transport dominant. De grands volumes d’eau de mer chargée en matière organique sont plus ou moins filtrés par les sédiments perméables intertidaux. Le principal objectif de cette thèse était de caractériser les processus biogéochimiques induits par la recirculation de l’eau de mer et les apports d’eau douce dans la zone intertidale dans le cas d’une plage soumise à de fortes conditions hydrodynamiques : la plage du Truc Vert. Un suivi saisonnier des propriétés physico-chimiques des eaux porales a montré que les processus de respiration aérobie interviennent en zone intertidale, dans la lentille de recirculation de l’eau de mer. A l’échelle du littoral aquitain, ces processus représentent un apport annuel de 610 tonnes de nitrate et de 4400 tonnes de carbone inorganique dissous pour l’océan côtier, soit l’équivalent des apports de la Leyre, un petit fleuve drainant un bassin versant de 2000 km2 au sud-est du Bassin d’Arcachon. La macrofaune benthique est dominée par les Crustacés. Ces individus sont caractéristiques de ces milieux complexes, qu’ils subissent mais ne contrôlent pas : la macrofaune benthique contribue faiblement aux processus de respiration aérobie. Seuls 2% du déficit en oxygène des eaux porales du bas de plage leur est attribué en moyenne : les flux biogéochimiques observés en zone intertidale sont donc majoritairement induits par les processus de respiration aérobie des micro-organismes présents dans le sédiment. Soutenus par l’apport régulier d’oxygène dissous dans le milieu poral à chaque marée, ces processus sont également contrôlés par la température et la variabilité des apports de matière organique.Le déploiement de sondes autonomes dans le sédiment de la zone intertidale a également permis de préciser la variabilité à court terme des propriétés des eaux porales. L’extension de la lentille intertidale de recirculation de l’eau de mer est ainsi variable en fonction du marnage et les teneurs en oxygène mesurées en un point fixe de la plage varient légèrement en fonction de ce cycle. Ce travail a donc permis de démontrer que les processus de respiration aérobie varient principalement à l’échelle saisonnière. L’impact ponctuel et local des conditions météorologiques et de la houle a également été mis en évidence. Nous avons démontré l’existence d’un estuaire souterrain sous la plage du Truc Vert. La dynamique de ce système a été explorée grâce à l’installation de piézomètres en haut de plage. L’apport d’eaux douces continentales représente une source supplémentaire de nitrate et de carbone inorganique dissous pour l’océan côtier. L’étude biogéochimique de la nappe phréatique en arrière dune indique l’existence d’un découplage entre le front salin et le front redox au sein de l’estuaire souterrain, ainsi que l’existence d’un intense dégazage de CO2 au niveau de la dune.Les travaux réalisés durant cette thèse permettent de mieux comprendre les processus à l’œuvre dans les sédiments sableux des plages exposées et permettront ainsi le développement de modèles numériques complexes liant hydrologie et biogéochimie. Ils entraînent également de nombreuses perspectives à propos du rôle des plages sableuses à l’échelle locale (en cas de pollution par exemple) mais aussi sur les cycles biogéochimiques globaux, notamment en lien avec le réchauffement climatique et l’élévation du niveau marin (rejets de CO2, salinisation des aquifères côtiers). / Biogeochemical studies in permeable sandy sediments are recent: the role of these environments in biogeochemical cycles was neglected because of their poverty in organic matter and the complexity of transient processes affecting them. Sandy beaches are subject to various physical forcings like tide, waves and connexion with continental groundwaters. Advection is the leading mode of transport. Huge volumes of organic matter-bearing seawater are potentially filtered by permeable intertidal sediments. The main objective of this study was to characterize biogeochemical processes induced by seawater recirculation and groundwater discharge in the intertidal zone of an exposed beach: the Truc Vert beach.Seasonal monitoring of pore water properties showed that aerobic respiration processes occurred in the seawater recirculation plume. Extrapolated to the 240 km-long Aquitanian coast, these processes represent each year an annual release of 610 tons of nitrate and 4400 tons of dissolved inorganic carbon, i.e. the equivalent of the Leyre input, a small river draining a catchment area of 2000 km2 at the southeast part of the Arcachon lagoon.The benthic macrofauna is dominated by Crustaceans. These organisms have a low impact on biogeochemical cycles: the contribution of benthic macrofauna on oxygen deficits observed in the lower beach pore waters is insignificant (< 2%). Biogeochemical fluxes observed in the intertidal zone are mainly induced by the aerobic respiration of microorganisms living in the sediment. Supported by regular tidal inputs of dissolved oxygen on the pore space, these processes varied seasonnally with temperature and organic matter availability.The deployment of autonomous probes into the sediment of the intertidal zone allowed us to clarify the short-term variability of pore water properties. Extension of the intertidal saline plume evolved with the tidal amplitude. Oxygen levels measured at a given point of the beach varied slightly with the lunar cycle. This work showed that aerobic respiration processes varied mainly at the seasonal scale. The local impact of weather and swell was also evidenced.We showed the presence of a subterranean estuary in the Truc Vert beach and its dynamics was explored through the deployment of wells in the upper beach. The input of continental freshwater represents an additional source of nitrate and dissolved inorganic carbon in the coastal ocean. Chemical properties of the fresh groundwater located upstream the beach indicated a decoupling between the salinity gradient and the redox bareer within the subterranean estuary, as well as an intense CO2 degassing at the dune.This study allows to better understand the processes occuring in sandy sediments of exposed beaches and will allow to develop complex numerical models linking hydrological and biogeochemical processes. This work also provides many perspectives on the role of sandy beaches, both locally (in case of pollution, for example) and on global biogeochemical cycles, especially in relation to global warming and sea-level rise (CO2 emissions and seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers).

In this study, we designed a series of experiments to determine the factors governing ion permeation through individual carbon nanotubes (CNTs) less than 1.5 nm in diameter and 20 µm in length. We then rationalize the experimental results by using a model, which is drawn from previous literature on protein ion channels and is centered around a simplified version of the Gouy-Chapman theory of electrical double layer. Lastly, we experimentally demonstrate and discuss the general similarities in ion permeation characteristics between CNTs and biological ion-selective pores. The role of many potential factors influencing the ion transport is assessed by taking two experimental approaches: (1) studying the effect of electrolyte concentration and composition on channel conductance and reversal potential, and (2) examining a second type of nanochannel as a parallel ion conduction pathway within the same device architecture and measurement set-up, which we refer to as leakage devices. This helps to differentiate the effect of CNT on ionic transport from any other possible source. Taken together, these two experimental methods provide strong evidence that the electrostatic potential arising from ionized carboxyl groups at the nanopore entrance has a significant effect on ionic permeation in a manner consistent with a simple electrostatic mechanism.