The present study will be concerned with the relationship between personal and social adjustment and creativity in a college population.

Contemporary psychology has shown an increasing interest in the self-concept of the individual. This interest has grown in large measure from studies of perception. Many theorists have felt that perception in general and self-perception in particular is a function of the needs of the organism, as well as a function of the external stimuli. It is the purpose of this study to investigate the relationships between distortions in self-perception and total level of adjustment in a population of college students.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between masculine traits in males and the characteristic patterns of emotional responses which affect social adjustment.

This was a two-part study, employing the self and informant, pre and post treatment, forms of the Personal Adjustment and Role Skills Scale, the PARS Scale. In this study seven of the PARS Scale factors were employed: Interpersonal Involvement, Agitation-Depression, Attention-Confusion, Alcohol-Drug, Outside Social, Household Management (females), and Anxiety (males). This study was conducted at Delaunay Institute for Mental Health, an outpatient community mental health clinic in a low socioeconomic catchment area. Part One of the study employed a random sample of seventy applicants, male and female, ages sixteen to sixty-four, who applied to Delaunay for treatment services between November of 1972 and July of 1973 and who completed, at least, the self-pretreatment PARS Scale. This sample was administered the self and informant pre PARS Scale at initial interview. In October of 1973, the number of treatment sessions in the three months following initial interview was secured from billing cards. At this same time, therapists at Delaunay were requested to assess the sample on their progress in therapy at that time or at termination. Four categories were possible: great, moderate, slight, and no progress. They were also requested to identify the certainty with which they made the assessment according to: great, moderate, or slight certainty. Following this, the self-pretreatment PARS Scale scores were correlated with number of treatment sessions. No relationship appeared for females between number of treatment sessions and self pre PARS Scale scores. For males, a non-significant trend was noted on most factors, indicating that a high self pre PARS score was indicative of fewer treatment sessions. A significant and inverse relationship between the self pre PARS Scale score on Alcohol-Drug and number of treatment sessions occurred for males, indicating that a high score on this factor was suggestive of fewer treatment sessions. The self-pretreatment PARS Scale scores were correlated with therapist assessment of progress in therapy. No relationship appeared for females. For males, no significant relationship appeared but a non-significant trend was indicated, suggesting that a high self pre PARS Scale score was indicative of a favorable therapist assessment on progress in therapy. Part Two of the study employed a non-random sample of fifteen females who had provided self and informant, pre and post treatment, PARS Scale scores. Post treatment, informant data was notably deficient in this part of the study and prevented the employment of males in the sample. Descriptive data on income, education, marital status, and presenting problem were provided for this sample. The sample was administered the self and informant, pretreatment, PARS Scale at initial interview. Three months after initial interview they were administered the self and informant, post treatment, PARS Scale if they remained in treatment for at least three months. As in Part One of this study, number of treatment sessions for the three months following initial interview were secured from the billing cards. In October of 1973, therapists were requested to provide a therapist behavioral assessment with four possible categories: improved, maintained, regressed (therapeutic), regressed (non-therapeutic). This assessment was to be made from recall and/or records at the time the self and informant, post treatment, PARS Scale was administered. Again, therapists were requested to indicate the degree of certainty involved in their assessment. The relationship between number of treatment sessions and the available self and informant, pre and post treatment, PARS Scale scores was explored. It was found that the self pre PARS score on Interpersonal Involvement, the self-post PARS score on Alcohol-Drug, and the informant post PARS score on Alcohol-Drug were significantly and inversely related to the number of treatment sessions. High scores on these factors indicated fewer treatment sessions. The relationship between therapist behavioral assessment and available self and informant, pre and post treatment, PARS Scale scores was explored. Results showed a significant and direct relationship between the self-post PARS score on Outside Social, the informant post PARS score on Alcohol-Drug and therapist behavioral assessment. High scores on these factors indicated a favorable therapist behavioral assessment. Evaluation of treatment services with the PARS Scale in Part Two of this study found the self, pre and post treatment, PARS Scale scores on Attention-Confusion to be the only PARS scores showing significant differences after three months of treatment. None of the remaining self-PARS scores and none of three informant PARS scores indicated any significant differences. It was recommended that the predictive capacity of the PARS Scale not be explored further. Further exploration of the use of the PARS Scale for evaluative purposes was suggested due to the limitations of the research design with regard to specificity and sampling. Finally, exploration of specific and individualized treatment evaluation, suggested by recent psychotherapy research, was encouraged.

The purpose of this study was to construct and use an instrument to assess the adjustment of aged residents in an institution.

Employed and non-employed stepmothers were compared on four psychological dimensions: stress, adjustment, needs, and values. Employed stepmothers were hypothesized to experience greater stress, lower adjustment, different needs, and different values. Racial and race by employment status differences along these four dimensions were also addressed.

This study's problem concerned the conflict between the ethical desirability of giving participants relevant information about themselves versus the current practice of withholding sociometric data. Group counseling was selected to provide a relative basis for comparison of the effects of structured sociometric feedback (SSF). This study's ultimate purpose was to gather empirical evidence concerning the appropriateness and safety of conveying sociometric data to participants of sociometric studies.

This study compared the effects of three treatment approaches to training married couples in communication skills on the dependent variables of marital communication, marital adjustment, and the personality characteristics of extraversion/introversion and stability/instability. The initial focus of the study was to determine whether any of the treatment programs--a highly structured (T3), a partially structured (T1 ) or a non-structured (T 2) program -- were superior to any other or to the control group in affecting change in the participants level of communication or in their marital or personal adjustment. The structured programs were derived from the human relations training programs of Carkhuff as well as Rappaport and Harrell's Behavior Exchange Model of conjoint marriage counseling, and adapted for use in a short-term group training procedure. The unstructured training utilized the client-centered approach to couple counseling as developed by Rogers. The number of activities and amount of time spent on each exercise was more rigidly set in the highly structured training than in the partially structured approach. The twenty-four training programs were conducted by two doctoral students in counseling over a seven-week period. A pretest/ post-test, control group experimental design was employed in the research; the data were analyzed using the analysis of covariance statistic, with pre-test scores as the covariate. It was concluded that, although the present study did not produce evidence for the efficacy of one treatment modality over another, some support for the efficacy of the newly designed treatment T2 was provided with suggestions for further research. Recommendations include the matching of couples on age, level of education, and length of marriage when treatments are being compared. Other suggestions include the consideration, in short-term marriage counseling, of pre-therapy selection variables such as level of motivation for change, preparation for the group experience, level of maladjustment, and length of marriage.

The three basic purposes of this study were (1) to determine relationships existing between academic achievement in middle schools and academic achievement in traditional junior high schools, (2) to determine the relationships existing between personal adjustment in middle schools and personal adjustment in traditional junior high schools, and (3) to determine the relationships between academic achievement and personal adjustment in both middle schools and traditional junior high schools.

為瞭解出生序〈老大、中間子女、老么、獨生子女〉與父母管教態度〈拒絕、嚴格、溺愛、期待、矛盾、紛歧〉對兒童的社會興趣及人格適應之影響，本研究以台北市、台中市、彰化縣、高雄縣等共五所國民小學四、五年級兒童共791人為研究對象，運用個人基本資料、兒童社會興趣量表、父母管教態度測驗及小學人格測驗等研究工具獲得所需資料，再以二因子變異數分析、多元逐步迴歸分析及皮爾遜積差相關等方法進行統計分析。 　　主要研究結果發現：不同出生序其社會興趣及人格適應皆無顯著差異存在；而女生的社會興趣及人格適應皆比男生高。在父母管教態度對兒童的社會興趣及人格適應之影響方面，發現父母親拒絕、溺愛、母親紛歧及父親矛盾的管教態度皆可有效預測兒童的社會興趣及人格適應，其解釋量為12%及32%。其中父母親拒絕及母親紛歧的管教態度與兒童的社會興趣及人格適應呈負向關係，而父母親溺愛及父親矛盾的管教態度則與兒童的社會興趣及人格適應呈正向關係。再者，兒童的社會興趣與其人格適應呈正相關。 　　根據研究結果，本研究建議：父母親宜透過各種學習管道，以建立正確的管教態度及方法，並加強親子間的溝通，以利子女的社會興趣及人格的發展。