Intercultural communication theory and research have largely been based on the assumption that dealing with cultural differences is the key element in intercultural encounters. This is applied particularly to encounters between people from different societies, either where a participant is visiting another country, or where that participant has recently migrated. Encounters between people who, though culturally different, live permanently together in the same society however, are not necessarily the same as encounters between people from different societies. In the light of this, intercultural communication theory should be reviewed and developed to better conceptualise the nature of intercultural interaction as it occurs within the same (multicultural) society. Such a review requires a framing of intercultural communication episodes within a broader social perspective, a more thorough investigation of the relationship of homogeneity and heterogeneity as it affects intercultural interaction and a greater focus how communication processes help to create culture as well as how they are influenced by culture. An organising model for the multicultural perspective is therefore proposed based on three key elements. First it incorporates a system approach that recognises influences on communication, the interactive process and the outcomes of that process. Second, it incorporates a three-tiered approach that recognises the role played by structural processes in establishing the character of the society, the general patterns of interaction that emerge from these structural processes and the individual application of these processes in communicative episodes. Third, it incorporates a recognition of the interplay of centripetal and centrifugal forces at each of these levels and the range of intercultural possibilities that this raises. The organising model is then used to analyse intercultural interactions across four focuses: meaning, social relations, identity and behaviour / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The purposes of this research were to explore the application situation and the implementation difficulty of the consumers' perspective on the evaluation of elementary school in Kaohsiung, and to know the different background personnel¡¦s comments about the consumers' perspective on the evaluation of elementary school. Finally , according to the findings, this research proposed the concrete suggestions, providing references to the educational administration institute and the elementary schools. In order to achieve the research goals, the literature review was conducted to understand the contents, meanings and current practice of elementary school evaluation. Next, a questionnaire was designed by the researcher to collect and analyze local elementary school educators¡¦ views about the whole as well as each domain of school evaluation. A sample of 800 educators of elementary schools in Kaohsiung were randomly chosen to fill in the questionnaires. 557 questionnaires were effective. Statistical methods including percentage, mean, t-test, one-way ANOVA and Scheffè were adopted. Last, semi-structured interviews were given to six academic supervisors of elementary school educators. Based on analysis of the data obtained, conclusions of the study were as follows: 1. The whole application situation of the consumers' perspective on the evaluation of elementary School in Kaohsiung was good, especially in the stage on need-appraisal, but the stage of meta-evaluation was low. 2. Members of the evaluation committee were not able to understand the situation thoroughly of the school affairs and the present developing situation. 3. School personnels were worried about the result report of the evaluation, that might cause the effect of ¡§labelling¡¨. 4.The result utilization and the accuracy and feasibility of the present school evaluation were met low-degree application of the connotation on the consumers' perspective on the evaluation. 5.The agreement degree level of the administrative teachers was higher than non-administrative teachers on the stages of school- management, need-appraisal,process-evaluation,and feedback-mechanism. 6. The personnels of the small-scale schools expressed the anxiety that they had insufficient professional ability on self-evaluation. 7. The opinions of administrative teachers emphasized that school evaluation always focused on document examination, unable to achieve effectively the evaluation goals. 8.During the evaluation, the interview was unable to reflect the opinions of the all.

All over the world, corporate scandals, big and small, affect our daily life. Since the beginning of the 21st century, major American corporations including WorldCom, Enron, Dynegy, Merk, Tyco, Lucent Technologies, Merrill Lynch, Global Crossing, and Health South were involved in corporate scandals. In Europe, accounting fraud and other criminal activities were uncovered at Switzerland¡¦s Adecco, the Netherlands¡¦ Ahold, and Parmalat, the Italian dairy concern whose owners defrauded investors of billions of dollars, including more than 1.5 billion US dollars from American investors. Crisis management is often portrayed as reactive activity directed at problems, usually arising from human error, and already escalating. The development of a crisis is often indeterminate rather than fixed. Crisis management can mean quick actions that prevent a triggering event as it unfolds or delayed action that mops up after the triggering event has run it course. In this paper, the proposed crisis management model is the M3 theory for managing multiple mistakes derived from Robert E. Mittelstaedt, Jr.¡¦s book, ¡§Will Your Next Mistake Be Fatal? Avoiding the Chain of Mistakes That Can Destroy Your Organization.¡¨ In this book, Mittelstaedt addresses errors in preparation, execution, strategy, and culture. He emphasizes that firms need to build internal control systems that will trigger clear and actionable alarms before ¡§failure chains¡¨ accelerate beyond control. The process of Managing Multiple Mistakes (M3) can determine whether an organization ends up in a negative or positive light on the front page of a national newspaper. ¡§The concept of Managing Multiple mistakes," Mittelstaedt writes, ¡§is based on the observation that nearly all serious accidents, whether physical or business, are the result of more than one mistake. If we do not ¡¥break the chain¡¦ of mistakes early, the damage that is done, and its cost, will go up exponentially¡K until the situation is irreparable.¡¨

Univ., Diss.--München, 2005.

Texte remanié de: Th.--Art et archéologie--Paris 10, 1999. Titre de soutenance : Ignazio Danti (1536-1586) : discours scientifique et pratique artistique. / Contient le fac-sim. de l'éd. de Rome : F. Zannetti, 1583. Bibliogr. p. 465-478. Glossaire. Index. Appareil critique en français.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1940. / Published also without thesis note. Vita. Bibliography: p. [205]-216.

Architectural representation is much more than a process of transcription between a concept and the building; it is a tool that determines the very mentality and praxis of the architect. This thesis studies the technique of film montage through the work of Andrei Tarkovsky and the possibilities it offers to the process of architectural conception. A general outline of the development of the perspective tools of representation in architecture lead to an understanding of the significance of the cinematographic image in the context of the history of projection. Montage in the tradition of Surrealism placed an emphasis on the potential power of poetic evocation between its elements. Comparing the narrative forms of three film-makers, the "surrealist montage" of Luis Bunuel, the "intellectual montage" of Sergie Eisenstein, and the temporal modulation in the films of Tarkovsky, this thesis examines different ways to qualify cinematographic space which affect the spatial and temporal experience of the spectator and offer the possibility of a redefinition of ritual in architecture.

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The present study assessed the relationship between differing views of time perspective and satisfaction with life among college females. Time perspective was measured according to the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999) and life satisfaction was assessed along a temporal continuum with the Temporal Satisfaction with Life Scale (Pavot, Diener, & Suh, 1998). It was found that the positive time perspective of the past, present, and future were related to life satisfaction along the same temporal frames with the exception of the future subscale. The negatively oriented time perspective scales had a negative relationship with life satisfaction as was expected. Levels of balance between the past positive, present hedonistic, and future subscales were measured which created four categories of balanced or unbalanced, positive or negative perspectives. It was found that the greater the amount of positive scores among the three time perspective scales, the greater the total life satisfaction. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

The purpose of this research was to formulate and develop broad guidelines for a Balanced Scorecard (BSC) for a mining supply company. This research has specific reference to Bond Equipment (Pty) Ltd. based in Klerksdorp, North West Province, South Africa. These guidelines must assist management to steer the company forward on a strategic way. The guidelines will also guide management to apply the BSC to lower levels in the company, each department and every employee will have its own BSC. This research also includes the improvement of the company`s vision and mission. The BSC must be aligned with both the vision and mission of the company to ensure the successful implementation of a BSC. The BSC is not just an effective measurement and management tool but it is also an effective tool to enhance communication between different departments within the business. Questionnaires were used to gather data from the sample group within the company. A total of 50 questionnaires were distributed to management, professionals and employees that worked for the company for more than 2 years. The head of departments of the company were informed of the research being conducted. Thirty-five questionnaires were received back. The data of the study was analysed and out of these results, broad guidelines were identified for the formulation of a BSC for the company. Three aspects from each quadrant were selected by the participants of the study. The data of the vision and mission of the company were also analysed and possible improvements were identified. The results of the study revealed that the vision and mission must be improved to match the new strategy of the company. Bond Equipment (Pty) Ltd has to diversify and focus not only on quality but also on customer service. The three broad guidelines selected from each quadrant by the participants will form an integral part in the final design of the BSC to all levels of the company. Proposed measurement tools were also recommended to the management of Bond. These measurement tools will assist management to manage the company in accordance with the vision and mission. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.