No description available.

No description available.

This thesis explores two examples of water management in the highland Peruvian villages, San Pedro de Llancha and San Antonio de Chinchina. One example is of cooperation and union between the two communities. The other is of conflict between the same two villages just 40 years prior. I examine ethnographic and ethnohistorical data from both the collaborative period and the conflictive period of these two communities’ relations over water. The data suggest that, while the outcomes of these two periods were drastically different, the processes through which these communities came into relation with one another were quite similar. Their communal union or fragmentation depended on subtle differences in their positional relations to a common resource, water, others who needed the resource, and external entities who had authority over that resource. The result is two neighboring sister communities who flow in to and out of each other’s communal orbit according to circumstance and practice, rather than permanent, abstract village identity.

Cette thèse porte sur les représentations et pratiques relatives aux corps et aux soins dans un village des Andes sud‐péruviennes. Cet objet, a priori classique pour l’ethnologie andine, est ici abordé dans une situation dynamique, pluraliste et politisée avec une approche qui se distingue clairement de la démarche habituellement suivie. Si ces représentations et pratiques ont tout d’abord été appréhendées au sein des espaces domestiques et auprès des guérisseurs, c’est ensuite le poste de santé, structure officielle de santé publique, qui a été pris en compte dans le pluralisme médical local. Ses rapports avec les villageois ont alors été analysés sous l’angle du pouvoir. Et son influencesur les pratiques de soins, sur les corps et sur les représentations correspondantes a été interrogée. Afin de saisir les transformations en cours depuis plus d’une trentaine d’années, une perspective diachronique a finalement été suivie. C’est ainsi qu’a pu être mise au jour une dynamique de contrôle et de normalisation des corps et des individus par la santé publique. Phénomène qui se traduit pour l’instant par une transformation des pratiques de soins mais aussi des corps individuels ainsi que par une différenciation croissante du corps social. Avec le renouvellement générationnel, ceprocessus de transformation, relativement récent mais néanmoins profond, peut probablement mener à un véritable basculement socioculturel ici résumé par l’expression "d’un corps à l’autre" qui désigne non seulement le passage "d’un corps individuel à l’autre" mais aussi celui "d’un corps social à l’autre". / This thesis focuses on representations and practices related to bodies and cares in a South Peruvian Andes village. This object, which seems classical in Andean ethnology, is discussed here in a dynamic, pluralistic and politicized situation with an approach which is clearly distinguishable from the usual processes. If these representations and practices have first been understood in domestic spaces and among healers, it is then the health station, a formal structure of public health, which has been taken into account in the local medical pluralism. Its relationships with the villagers were then analyzed interms of power. Its influence on care practices, on the body and its corresponding representations was questioned. To capture the changes taking place for over thirty years, a diachronic perspective was finally chosen. Thus, a dynamic of control and normalization of bodies and individuals by the public health could be brought to light. A phenomenon that resulted so far in transforming care practices but also individual bodies, as well as in increasing differentiation of the society. With generational renewal this transformation process, relatively new but nevertheless deep, can possiblylead to a real sociocultural swing here summarized by the expression "from one body to another" which refers not only to the passage of an "individual body to another" but also "from a social body to another".

No description available.

Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) champions the use of biodiversity and ecosystem services to help people adapt to the adverse effects of climate change. Moreover, EbA presents an exemplary opportunity to confer social-ecological resilience. But how can such initiatives be effectively implemented and managed towards a resilient supply of key ecosystem services? Through case study research on community-led water sow and harvest (WSH) – a traditional form of EbA in the Peruvian Andes – this thesis explores social-ecological conditions for self-organization, collaboration and learning for the adoption of the practice, as well as the emergence of adaptive co-management (ACM) and its potential for building local water resilience. Qualitative data collected from interviews and participatory observations were thematically coded, and analysed for self-organization using the Multilevel Nested Framework (Ostrom 2009) and subsequently for social learning using ACM literature. This study found that self-organization for the adoption of WSH was primarily influenced by strong leadership, the importance of the water resource to the community, and users bonded by formal institutions of collective choice and social norms rooted in Andean culture. In addition, four types of collaboration and five learning activities were found to conform a social learning process and result in social learning outcomes for enhanced adaptive capacity, indicating the emergence of ACM around community-led WSH. By supporting knowledge exchange through a social network, ACM allows the practice to be scaled-up to create enabling legislation, scaled-out to increase the number of communities adopting WSH, and scaleddeep to support cultural internalization of the practice. Such scaling can potentially enable community-led WSH to build local water resilience through: 1) implementation at the landscape level to match the scale of ecological processes that sustain water ecosystem services; and 2) continuous management over time to support adaptive forms of water resource governance in the face of change and uncertainty.

This thesis examines enclaves of oppression and discrimination, which continue to subject indigenous peoples in the Peruvian Andean society to the pernicious legacies of a racist past. As an interpretive framework this interdisciplinary study draws from theoretical approaches to power, which analyse the reproduction of social injustice in post-colonial societies. This research demonstrates how resistance in post-colonial contexts does not always function as a subversive force. Especially when the variable of racism is taken into account, it becomes clearer how acts of opposition end up fostering a tyrannical domination. Examples from Peruvian history, as well as my fieldwork data, will illustrate how resistances and revolutions in the Peruvian Andes have paradoxically reinstated an oppressive and subjugating social system founded in disavowal of the indigenous Other. In dismantling the ramifications of a violent racist legacy, this study explores those social practices and attitudes which in the course of history have resulted in the subjugation of indigenous peoples. These include paternalism, the commodification of indigenous identity and the phenomenon of incanismo. Ultimately, the very negotiation of identities and the making of Peruvian ethnicity will highlight the reasons why, since the 1970s, the pursuit of Intercultural Bilingual Education (IBE) in the Peruvian Andes has been a challenging and uncertain endeavour. By comparison with bordering Andean regions of Ecuador and Bolivia, IBE is not in the hands of indigenous peoples. This thesis will demonstrate that this is in part due to an underpinning racism, which keeps disrupting a sense of belonging to an ethnic identity.

Neste estudo investigou-se a variabilidade da Monção Sul-Americana (MSA) ao longo dos últimos 38ka, por meio de um registro em alta resolução de \'\'delta\' POT.18\'O baseado em três espeleotemas da caverna Shatuca, localizada no norte do Peru (~ 5ºS). O registro da caverna Shatuca é um dos primeiros registros paleoclimáticos da zona de altitude intermediária no flanco oriental dos Andes setentrionais (1960m). O registro isotópico da Shatuca compreende espeleotemas bem datados e de alta resolução que são usados para investigar a atividade da MSA no passado, em resposta tanto ao ciclo de precessão da insolação, como às mudanças na circulação oceânica, ocorridas durante o último período Glacial - Deglacial, as quais são definidas nos testemunhos marinhos e de gelo do Hemisfério Norte. Os registros de espeleotemas da caverna Shatuca, não mostram nenhum controle claro da insolação sobre a MSA nos Andes entre 38-11 ka AP, o que pode ser explicado por um controle predominante das condições de contorno glaciais sobre a MSA. Mudanças abruptas, entre períodos mais úmidos e mais secos da MSA, em escalas de tempo milenar, são observadas no registro de espeleotemas de Shatuca através de valores de \'\'delta\' POT.18\'O anormalmente baixos e altos, respectivamente. Estes eventos são interpretados como uma resposta aos eventos Heinrich (H) e Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) através de deslocamentos latitudinais da Zona de Convergência Intertropical (Intertropical Convergence Zone-ITCZ). No entanto, a intensidade da resposta a esses ciclos foi variável. Em particular, os episódios climáticos mais extremos foram aqueles relacionados aos eventos Heinrich 1 e 2. O período de ocorrência e a estrutura do evento Heinrich 1 (H1) são mais precisamente descritos nos espeleotemas da caverna Shatuca do que em registros anteriores dos Andes e da Bacia de Cariaco. O evento H1 é caracterizado por valores isotópicos baixos entre 18.0 e 14.7 ka AP, o que indica condições predominantemente úmidas; mas um pico, nunca antes registrado, de valores de \'\'delta\' POT.18\'O altos foi registrado em 16.2 ka AP. Este resultado é particularmente importante dado que a ITCZ poderia ter estado deslocada mais ao sul do que 5ºS. Além disso, a estrutura dos períodos do Bølling-Allerød (B/A) e Younger Dryas (YD) assemelha-se à dos testemunhos de gelo da Groenlândia. Durante o Holoceno, o clima da região da caverna Shatuca foi controlado pela insolação, consistente com outros registros de isótopos de diferentes altitudes nos Andes peruanos. O Holoceno Inferior é marcado pelo severo enfraquecimento da MSA na região da Shatuca, sendo seguido por uma tendência de aumento gradual das condições de umidade em direção ao Holoceno Superior, esta tendência climática, em longo prazo, ocorreu em união à tendência de aumento da insolação modulada pelo ciclo de precessão. Condições particularmente úmidas foram sentidas na região da caverna Shatuca após 5.0 ka AP. Várias mudanças abruptas ocorridas, em escalas de tempo centenárias e multidecenais, durante o Holoceno, são descritas pela primeira vez nos Andes. Durante o Holoceno Inferior, o caso mais extremo, é o registrado em 9.5 ka AP, mas outros eventos úmidos ocorreram também, tais como o registrado em 8.1 ka AP. Por outro lado, durante o Holoceno Médio, a comparação com outros registros andinos, na região afetada pela MSA, aponta para uma série de eventos abruptos que ocorreram entre 5.1 e 5.0 ka AP. Finalmente, um resultado importante do presente estudo é a semelhança observada, durante o Holoceno Superior, entre o registro da caverna Shatuca com o do lago Pallcacocha, situado no sul dos Andes equatorianos e amplamente utilizado como um proxy da frequência do fenômeno El Niño Oscilação Sul (El Niño Southern Oscillation -ENSO). O registro Shatuca não apresenta nenhuma evidência clara de ter sofrido algum controle climático influenciado por ENSO. Pelo contrário, propõe-se que ambos registros, o lago Pallcacocha e a caverna Shatuca, indicam um aumento da umidade entre 3.5 e 2.5 ka AP, resultado do controle da alta insolação de verão austral sobre a MSA, e de uma profunda reorganização do sistema climático ocorrido na borda oeste da MSA, entre terras altas e intermediárias dos Andes. / this study, we investigated the South American Summer Monsoon (SASM) variability through the last 38 ky with a high-resolution \'\'delta\' POT.18\'O record based on three speleothems from Shatuca cave, located in northern Peru (~ 5ºS). The Shatuca cave record is one of the first paleoclimate records from mid-altitude (1960m) sites in the northeastern Andean slopes. The Shatuca isotope record comprises well-dated and high-resolution speleothems that were used to investigate the past activity of SASM, in response to both insolation precession cycle and changes in oceanic circulation during the last Glacial-Deglacial period, defined in ice cores and marine core records from the northern Hemisphere. The speleothem records from Shatuca cave show no clear insolation control over the SASM between 38-11 ky BP, which could be explained by a prevailing control of the glacial boundary conditions over SASM. Abrupt millennial shifts between wetter and drier monsoon phases are observed in Shatuca speleothem record based on abnormally low and high values of \'\'delta\' POT.18\'O, respectively. These events are interpreted as a response to Heinrich (H) and Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) events through latitudinal displacements in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). However, the response intensity to these events was variable. In particular, the most extreme climate episodes were those related to the Heinrich events 1 and 2. The structure and timing of the Heinrich event 1 (H1) event are more precisely described in Shatuca speleothems than in previous records from Andes and Cariaco Basin. The H1 event is characterized by low ?18O values from 18.0 to 14.7 ky BP, indicative of predominantly wet conditions; but a peak, never reported before, of high \'\'delta\' POT.18\'O values is recorded at 16.2 ky BP. This result is of particular importance given that the ITCZ was probably displaced even more to the south than 5ºS. In addition, the structure of the Bølling-Allerød (B/A) and Younger Dryas (YD) periods resembles that of the Greenland ice cores. Insolation control on climate at Shatuca site is evident during the Holocene, which is consistent with other Andean isotope records from different altitudes in the Peruvian Andes. The early Holocene is marked by a extremely weak SASM activity over Shatuca area, that is followed by a gradual increasing trend toward wetter conditions at the late Holocene period, this long term climate trend occurred in union with increasing insolation trend modulated by the precession cycle. Particularly wet conditions were felt in Shatuca site after 5.0 ky BP. During the Holocene, several abrupt multidecadal to centennial events are for the first time described in Andes. During the early Holocene, the most extreme event is the one logged at 9.5 ky BP, however other wet events occurred, such as the one logged at 8.1 ky BP. On the other side, during the mid Holocene, the comparison with other Andean records affected by the SASM, points out to a striking series of events that occurred between 5.1 and 5.0 ky BP. Finally, one important result from the present study is the similarity observed during the late Holocene between Shatuca cave and the Pallcacocha lake record in southern Equadorian Andes, a record that has been widely used as a proxy for El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) frequency during Holocene. Shatuca record presents no clear evidence for climate control by ENSO. On the contrary, it is proposed that the increase in moisture logged between 3.5 and 2.5 ky BP, in both Pallcacocha lake and Shatuca cave records, resulted from high austral insolation control over the SASM and a major reorganization of the climatic system in the western border of the SASM at mid- to high altitudes of the Andes.

Neste estudo investigou-se a variabilidade da Monção Sul-Americana (MSA) ao longo dos últimos 38ka, por meio de um registro em alta resolução de \'\'delta\' POT.18\'O baseado em três espeleotemas da caverna Shatuca, localizada no norte do Peru (~ 5ºS). O registro da caverna Shatuca é um dos primeiros registros paleoclimáticos da zona de altitude intermediária no flanco oriental dos Andes setentrionais (1960m). O registro isotópico da Shatuca compreende espeleotemas bem datados e de alta resolução que são usados para investigar a atividade da MSA no passado, em resposta tanto ao ciclo de precessão da insolação, como às mudanças na circulação oceânica, ocorridas durante o último período Glacial - Deglacial, as quais são definidas nos testemunhos marinhos e de gelo do Hemisfério Norte. Os registros de espeleotemas da caverna Shatuca, não mostram nenhum controle claro da insolação sobre a MSA nos Andes entre 38-11 ka AP, o que pode ser explicado por um controle predominante das condições de contorno glaciais sobre a MSA. Mudanças abruptas, entre períodos mais úmidos e mais secos da MSA, em escalas de tempo milenar, são observadas no registro de espeleotemas de Shatuca através de valores de \'\'delta\' POT.18\'O anormalmente baixos e altos, respectivamente. Estes eventos são interpretados como uma resposta aos eventos Heinrich (H) e Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) através de deslocamentos latitudinais da Zona de Convergência Intertropical (Intertropical Convergence Zone-ITCZ). No entanto, a intensidade da resposta a esses ciclos foi variável. Em particular, os episódios climáticos mais extremos foram aqueles relacionados aos eventos Heinrich 1 e 2. O período de ocorrência e a estrutura do evento Heinrich 1 (H1) são mais precisamente descritos nos espeleotemas da caverna Shatuca do que em registros anteriores dos Andes e da Bacia de Cariaco. O evento H1 é caracterizado por valores isotópicos baixos entre 18.0 e 14.7 ka AP, o que indica condições predominantemente úmidas; mas um pico, nunca antes registrado, de valores de \'\'delta\' POT.18\'O altos foi registrado em 16.2 ka AP. Este resultado é particularmente importante dado que a ITCZ poderia ter estado deslocada mais ao sul do que 5ºS. Além disso, a estrutura dos períodos do Bølling-Allerød (B/A) e Younger Dryas (YD) assemelha-se à dos testemunhos de gelo da Groenlândia. Durante o Holoceno, o clima da região da caverna Shatuca foi controlado pela insolação, consistente com outros registros de isótopos de diferentes altitudes nos Andes peruanos. O Holoceno Inferior é marcado pelo severo enfraquecimento da MSA na região da Shatuca, sendo seguido por uma tendência de aumento gradual das condições de umidade em direção ao Holoceno Superior, esta tendência climática, em longo prazo, ocorreu em união à tendência de aumento da insolação modulada pelo ciclo de precessão. Condições particularmente úmidas foram sentidas na região da caverna Shatuca após 5.0 ka AP. Várias mudanças abruptas ocorridas, em escalas de tempo centenárias e multidecenais, durante o Holoceno, são descritas pela primeira vez nos Andes. Durante o Holoceno Inferior, o caso mais extremo, é o registrado em 9.5 ka AP, mas outros eventos úmidos ocorreram também, tais como o registrado em 8.1 ka AP. Por outro lado, durante o Holoceno Médio, a comparação com outros registros andinos, na região afetada pela MSA, aponta para uma série de eventos abruptos que ocorreram entre 5.1 e 5.0 ka AP. Finalmente, um resultado importante do presente estudo é a semelhança observada, durante o Holoceno Superior, entre o registro da caverna Shatuca com o do lago Pallcacocha, situado no sul dos Andes equatorianos e amplamente utilizado como um proxy da frequência do fenômeno El Niño Oscilação Sul (El Niño Southern Oscillation -ENSO). O registro Shatuca não apresenta nenhuma evidência clara de ter sofrido algum controle climático influenciado por ENSO. Pelo contrário, propõe-se que ambos registros, o lago Pallcacocha e a caverna Shatuca, indicam um aumento da umidade entre 3.5 e 2.5 ka AP, resultado do controle da alta insolação de verão austral sobre a MSA, e de uma profunda reorganização do sistema climático ocorrido na borda oeste da MSA, entre terras altas e intermediárias dos Andes. / this study, we investigated the South American Summer Monsoon (SASM) variability through the last 38 ky with a high-resolution \'\'delta\' POT.18\'O record based on three speleothems from Shatuca cave, located in northern Peru (~ 5ºS). The Shatuca cave record is one of the first paleoclimate records from mid-altitude (1960m) sites in the northeastern Andean slopes. The Shatuca isotope record comprises well-dated and high-resolution speleothems that were used to investigate the past activity of SASM, in response to both insolation precession cycle and changes in oceanic circulation during the last Glacial-Deglacial period, defined in ice cores and marine core records from the northern Hemisphere. The speleothem records from Shatuca cave show no clear insolation control over the SASM between 38-11 ky BP, which could be explained by a prevailing control of the glacial boundary conditions over SASM. Abrupt millennial shifts between wetter and drier monsoon phases are observed in Shatuca speleothem record based on abnormally low and high values of \'\'delta\' POT.18\'O, respectively. These events are interpreted as a response to Heinrich (H) and Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) events through latitudinal displacements in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). However, the response intensity to these events was variable. In particular, the most extreme climate episodes were those related to the Heinrich events 1 and 2. The structure and timing of the Heinrich event 1 (H1) event are more precisely described in Shatuca speleothems than in previous records from Andes and Cariaco Basin. The H1 event is characterized by low ?18O values from 18.0 to 14.7 ky BP, indicative of predominantly wet conditions; but a peak, never reported before, of high \'\'delta\' POT.18\'O values is recorded at 16.2 ky BP. This result is of particular importance given that the ITCZ was probably displaced even more to the south than 5ºS. In addition, the structure of the Bølling-Allerød (B/A) and Younger Dryas (YD) periods resembles that of the Greenland ice cores. Insolation control on climate at Shatuca site is evident during the Holocene, which is consistent with other Andean isotope records from different altitudes in the Peruvian Andes. The early Holocene is marked by a extremely weak SASM activity over Shatuca area, that is followed by a gradual increasing trend toward wetter conditions at the late Holocene period, this long term climate trend occurred in union with increasing insolation trend modulated by the precession cycle. Particularly wet conditions were felt in Shatuca site after 5.0 ky BP. During the Holocene, several abrupt multidecadal to centennial events are for the first time described in Andes. During the early Holocene, the most extreme event is the one logged at 9.5 ky BP, however other wet events occurred, such as the one logged at 8.1 ky BP. On the other side, during the mid Holocene, the comparison with other Andean records affected by the SASM, points out to a striking series of events that occurred between 5.1 and 5.0 ky BP. Finally, one important result from the present study is the similarity observed during the late Holocene between Shatuca cave and the Pallcacocha lake record in southern Equadorian Andes, a record that has been widely used as a proxy for El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) frequency during Holocene. Shatuca record presents no clear evidence for climate control by ENSO. On the contrary, it is proposed that the increase in moisture logged between 3.5 and 2.5 ky BP, in both Pallcacocha lake and Shatuca cave records, resulted from high austral insolation control over the SASM and a major reorganization of the climatic system in the western border of the SASM at mid- to high altitudes of the Andes.