No description available.

No abstract available. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Centre for Human Rights / unrestricted

Maps bound separately.

This thesis examines various features of the market for petroleum reserves, in theory and empirically for the time period 1947-1970 in Alberta, Canada. The main thrust of analysis is directed towards the industry supply process in the reserves market which results from the activities of exploration companies. In particular the thesis focusses attention on the activity of New Field Wildcatting. A totally new data bank regarding oil and gas exploration in Alberta is established, containing many items of information which have net previously been available and whose lack was considered a major stumbling block in analysing the petroleum exploration process. For example, the data files show the direction of search of exploratory wells, towards either oil or gas, the class of well which discovered each petroleum pool, the company which was the principal operator of the discovery well, the cost of wells, etc. Thus, it was possible to analyse the discovery sequence from well class, etc. to the discovered pool and its detailed reserves characteristics. With this data bank an original and unique approach amongst studies of oil and gas supply and exploration was possible. The study isolates the geological and economic factors which contribute to the incentives and costs of participants in the market for reserves. It should be noted that the data bank, on computer tape and described in a 130 page manual, can be obtained upon request from the author. The hitherto unavailable detail of this data invites further analysis. On the demand side of the reserves market, data was generated which allowed a detailed estimation of the price incentive to explore for reserves. This included consideration of production delays, expected well productivities, royalties, operating costs, joint products, income taxes, etc. It is established that New Field Wildcat wells may be viewed as the primary discovery activity of the petroleum reserves market. A main objective of the thesis is to define the components of the economic market for reserves so that empirical tests may be conducted to demonstrate the economic linkages between the incentives to explore for oil and gas and the rates of wildcat drilling and subsequent reserves discovered. This objective is met by providing an extensive descriptive and statistical backdrop of the oil and natural gas industry in Alberta, developing theoretical economic models of petroleum exploration and production, and then fitting econometric equations to estimate the elasticity and shifting of the industry' s short run petroleum reserves supply function. It is shown that the short run elasticity between the reserves price incentive to explore and New Field Wildcatting for oil averaged between 0.3 and 0.4 during the period in Alberta. The comparable elasticity for natural gas was around 0.1. We stress, however, that these elasticities may be rather unimportant out of their context of a shifting supply function. They do not remain constant as a region is depleted and the rate at which the supply function shifts as a region is explored will be more significant in determining the longer run petroleum supply than the short run elasticity. Such shifting of the supply function is also estimated. Secondary objectives are to examine the exploration characteristics of large companies compared to the others. Statistical analysis shows that the "Big Eight" companies have realized higher success ratios in New Field Wildcatting, have discovered much larger oil and gas pools and have done considerably more geophysics on their land holdings than other companies. Many other features of the petroleum discovery process, such as the statistical nature of the populations of pools discovered in sequential time periods, are also examined. / Arts, Faculty of / Vancouver School of Economics / Graduate

L'exploitation des ressources pétrolières est un moyen de développement important pour les pays exportateurs de pétrole. Toutefois, dans la plupart de ces pays, l'abondance de ces ressources naturelles suscite souvent des interrogations, notamment quant à la gestion des activités d'exploitation et des recettes pétrolières. Aussi, la mise en œuvre de politiques pétrolières appropriées par l'État hôte est un des facteurs principaux dans la réussite du développement du secteur pétrolier. Compte tenu de la situation nationale et internationale, l'Indonésie a mis en œuvre sa politique pétrolière en adoptant des normes juridiques sous forme de lois, de règlements ainsi que de dispositions spécifiques dans des contrats de coopération pétrolière. D'ailleurs, pour mettre en application une gestion efficace des activités pétrolières, l'État indonésien a développé un système fiscal et financier et mis en place des institutions gestionnaires propres à ce secteur. Au cours de l'histoire des opérations pétrolières nationales, l'Indonésie a tenté de trouver le meilleur système pouvant aboutir à un partage des résultats financiers le plus équilibré possible entre les différentes parties prenantes, tout en réformant constamment les normes juridiques, le système fiscal et financier ainsi que les institutions gestionnaires du secteur pétrolier. / The exploitation of oil resources is an important way for development in oil-countries. However, in most of these countries, the abundance of these natural resources often raises some matters, especially regarding to the governance of oil activities and management of oil revenues. Therefore, implementation of appropriate oil policies by the host State are the main factors for a successful development in the oil sector. In view of the domestic and international situations, Indonesia expressed its oil policy with the legal norms in the forms of laws, regulations and provisions in oil cooperation contracts. Moreover, to implement effective governance of petroleum activities, the Government of Indonesia has developed a tax and financial system and set up the structure and institutions special. In the history of national oil operations, Indonesia has attempted to find the best system that could give the most balanced revenues sharing to stakeholders by constantly reforming the legal norms, the tax and financial system institutions as well as institutions managers of the oil sector.

No description available.

During the nineteenth century the industry and capi- txl of the United States was entirely absorbed in the develop- ment of our home industries and resources. In fact, as may have been expected, we did not have nearly enough capital for this work and had to borrow from Europe. But toward the end of the century it became apparent to thinking men that the time was not far distant when we should have a surplus of capital here, and that to employ it we would have to seek foreign fields for investment. The Spanish American War led us into the Caribbean and the Philippines in an official capacity, and we were then definitely given over to a policy of imperialism.

This dissertation studies the oil-mediated relationship between the Indian state and citizens. Focusing on both oil production and consumption, through 24 months of ethnography of oil refineries, ports, research institutes, state offices, a peri-urban working-class-neighborhood near Delhi (called Nathupur), and ‘black markets’, as well as archival research, this project examines oil as an infrastructure for the state and for society. I argue that the Indian state distributes itself into citizens’ lives via petroleum products, which obtain their socio-political agencies while being produced in certain ways, and play out those agencies while being consumed in certain ways. This ethnography of refineries details out the microprocesses of oil refining and the complex relationship that human and nonhuman actors share. It elaborates on how politics get programmed into petroleum products, designed to discipline consumer-citizens into particular lifestyles, and how varying actors encumber this. Research on oil consumption in Nathupur, with ‘black-marketeers’ and ordinary consumers of petroleum products, probes what I call “distorted discipline”, where governmental plans get mangled by the informal practices of state actors as well as citizens. How does the politics programmed into petroleum products in refineries actually play out once other actors intervene, and snatch control over oil away from the state? Investigating this tussle between legalized and illegalized groups, I describe how it structures citizens’ lives, and the constellations of power and forms of sociality it gives rise to. This dissertation highlights the constant churning between the state and citizens through ever-evolving devices of government, as well as through escape from them. Specific modes of subjectification, engineered through flows of oil, lie at the heart of this churning, over which state-citizen formations are negotiated.

No description available.

No description available.